CLASSS X HOLIDAY HOMEWORK

Question 1.
Most of the digestion and absorption of the food takes place in the
(a) small intestine
(b) liver
(c) stomach
(d) large intestine. (2020)

Question 2.
Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis. (Board Term I, 2016)
Question 3.
State the location and function of gastric glands. (Board Term I, 2014)
Question 4.
Name the glands present in the wall of the stomach that release secretions for
digestion of food. Write the three components of secretion that are released
by these glands. (Board Term I, 2014)

Question 5.
Complete the following flow chart as per the given instructions.

Question 6.
(a) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion :
(i) Enzyme trypsin
(ii) Enzyme lipase-
(b) List two functions of finger-like projections present in the small intestine.
(2020)

(b) Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long finger-like
projections called villi. Two functions of villi are :
Question 7.
Explain the significance of photosynthesis. Writd the balanced chemical
equation involved in the process. (Board Term I, 2017)
Question 8.
Differentiate between autotrophs and hetero- trophs and give one example of
each. (Board Term 1,2017):

Question 9.
Explain with the help of neat and well labelled diagrams the different steps
involved in nutrition in Amoeba. (Board Term I, 2015)

Question 10.
(a) What is peristaltic movement?
(b) ‘Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime’. How do they do
photosynthesis? (Board Term I, 2013).

Question 11.
(a) Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?
(b) What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?
(c) Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?
(d) What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands? (2020)

Question 12.
(a) State the form in which the following are stored:
(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.
(ii) The energy derived from food in humans,
(b) Describe the process of nutrition in Amoeba with the help of diagram.
(Board Term I, 2016)

Question 13.
Anaerobic process
(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation
(b) takes place in the presence of oxygen
(c) produces only energy in the muscles of human beings
(d) produces ethanol, oxygen and energy. (2020)
Answer:
(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation
 Question 14.
Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular
organisms like human. State reason. (Board Term 1,2017)
Question 15.
Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in
human body. Write the products formed in each case. (Delhi 2019)
Question 16.
(a) In the process of respiration, state the function of alveoli.
(b) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in
terrestrial organisms. Give reasons.
(c) Complete the following pathway showing the breakdown of glucose.

Question 18.
Draw a flow chart to show the breakdown of glucose by various pathways.
(Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
Breakdown of glucose by various pathways:

Question 19.
Write three points of difference between respiration in plants and respiration in
animals. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Differences between respiration in plants and animals are as follows:

Plant respiration Animal respiration

(i) All parts of plants, like roots, stem and leaves,
Animal performs respiration as a single unit.
perform respiration individually.

(ii) There is little transport of respiratory gases Respiratory gases are usually transported over long distance ins

from one part to the other during respiration. during respiration.

(iii) Respiration occurs at a very slow rate. It is a fast process in animals.

(iv) There is no special gas transport system. Gases are transported by specialised blood vascular system.

(v) Respiratory organ in plants are generally

stomata in leaves, lenticels in stem and general Respiratory organ in animals are generally lungs and gills.

surface of roots.

Question 20.
(a) Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between aquatic
organisms and terrestrial organisms? Explain
(b) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label – pharynx, trachea,
lungs, diaphragm and alveolar sac on it. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Terrestrial organisms inspire atmospheric oxygen, while aquatic organisms
thrive on the dissolved oxygen present in water. Air contains about 21% of
oxygen while water has less than 1% oxygen in dissolved state. Oxygen
diffuses through water at a much slower rate as compared to air. A terrestrial
organism has the advantage of utilising greater amount of oxygen at a faster
rate with lesser effort whereas, aquatic organisms have to put more effort to
obtain the same amount of oxygen, therefore breathing in aquatic organisms
is much faster than the terrestrial organisms.

(b) The labelled diagram of human respiratory system is a follows :

Question 21.
(a) State reasons for the following:
(i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine while carnivores have shorter
small intestine.
(ii) The lungs are designed in human beings to maximise the area for
exchange of gases.
(b) The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms’is much faster than that seen in
terrestrial organisms. (Board Term 1,2016)
Answer:
(a) (i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine than that of carnivores
because their diet is mostly grass and plants, that contains more fibres and
cellulose which are hard to digest. Longer small intestine also hosts many
small bacteria that process and break down cellulose into glucose which is a
source of energy. Carnivores diet is not rich in cellulose so, they do not need
to harbour bacteria for cellulose digestion.

(ii) Human lungs have a highly branched network of respiratory tubes. A

primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchus, which in turn forms tertiary
bronchus. Tertiary bronchus divides repeatedly into bronchioles which finally
terminate into alveoli. Alveoli are small, rounded polyhedral pouches which
are extremely thin- walled and possess a network of capillaries, for the
exchange of gases. Due to vast surface area of alveoli, exchange of gases
becomes a fast and effective process. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into
pulmonary blood capillaries and CO2 diffuses out from capillaries into alveoli.

(b) Refer to answer 20(a).

Question 22.
Draw a flow chart showing the three different pathways involved in the
breakdown of glucose in different organisms. Name the respiratory pigment
present in human beings. State the function of rings of cartilage present in our
throat. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
WRITE FROM answer 18.
Respiratory pigment present in human beings is haemoglobin.
Rings of cartilage are C in shape, stacked one on top of the other. These
cartilaginous rings prevent the trachea from collapsing and blocking the
airway.

Question 23.
(a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label: Trachea, Bronchi
and Diaphragm.
(b) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Lungs always contain residual volume.
(ii) Nostrils are lined with mucus. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
WRITEfrom answer 20(b).

(b) (i) Lungs always contain residual volume so that during the breathing
cycle, when air is inhaled and exhaled, there must be sufficient time for
oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released. It is also
important as it prevents the lungs from collapsing.
(ii) Mucus and hair present in nostrils help in filtration of inhaled air. It traps
harmful substances and germs present in air.

Question 24.
Which one of the following statements is correct about the human circulatory
system?
(a) Blood transports only oxygen and not carbon dioxide.
(b) Human heart has five chambers.
(c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.
(d) Both oxygen – rich and oxygen – deficient blood gets mixed in the heart.
(2020)
Answer:
(c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.

Question 25.
Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from lungs. (Board Term I,
2017)
Answer:
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart.

Question 26.
Define translocation in reference to plants. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
The transport of food prepared in the leaves, by the process of
photosynthesis, to various parts (roots, stem, branches, etc.) of the plant is
called translocation.

Question 27.
Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of each. (Delhi
2019)
Answer:
The three types of blood vessels in human body are: (i) arteries, (ii) veins and
(iii) capillaries.
(i) Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood from heart to various parts
of the body. The walls of arteries are thick, elastic and muscular that enables
them to dilate but not rupture when the heart contracts and forces blood into
them.

(ii) Veins are thin walled blood vessels which bring blood from the body back
to the heart. They are larger and hold more blood than the arteries. The lumen
of veins are provided with valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

(iii) Capillaries are thin walled and extremely narrow blood vessels which
occur at the terminals of artery and vein. The wall of capillaries are permeable
to water and dissolved substances so that the exchange of materials between
the blood and body cells can take place.
Question 28.
(a) Write two water conducting tissues present in plants. How does water
enter continuously into the root xylem?
(b) Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared to animals. (AI
2019)
Answer:
(a) Xylem tracheids and vessels are two water conducting tissues present in
plants that help in rapid movement of water. In xylem tissue, vessels and
tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a
continuous system of water conducting channels reaching all parts of the
plant.

Minerals and water needed by the plants are absorbed by root hairs from the
soil by the process of osmosis and take in minerals by the process of
diffusion. Thus, a difference in concentration of ions is created between the
roots and the soil which enables the water to enter into roots to compensate
the difference in concentration. The water, alongwith dissolved minerals from
root hairs, passes into xylem vessels through cells of the cortex, endodermis
and pericycle and then ascent of sap (i.e., upward movement of water and
mineral salts from roots to the aerial parts of the plant against the gravitational
force) takes place from xylem of the roots to the xylem of stem and leaves
through vessels and tracheids. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells
of leaves creates a suction pressure which pulls the water from xylem cells.

(b) Plants are autotrophic and do not have to move from one place to another
in search of their food. Movements in a plant are usually at the cellular level
and hence they required less amount of energy. Whereas animals are
heterotrophic and locomote in search of food and other activities, hence
require higher amount of energy than of plants.

Question 29.
Explain how the translocation of materials in phloem tissue in plants is
achieved by utilising energy. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
The phloem cells transport the soluble food materials to all parts of plant. The
transport of food from leaves to different parts of plant is termed as
translocation. Components of phloem are sieve tubes, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres. The food is manufactured in the
mesophyll cells (or photosynthetic cells) of a leaf. The manufactured food
enters into sieve tubes of the phloem and is transported as a dilute aqueous
solution either in upward or downward direction. Food is transported to all
non-green parts of the plant for their growth and metabolic activities. Besides
food molecules, phloem also transports amino acids, hormones synthesised in
the shoot tips and root tips and other metabolites.

In this process, glucose is transferred to phloem tissue using energy from

ATP. This increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing the water to
move into it (endosmosis). Soluble material is then transferred from phloem
tissue to other tissues which have less pressure than in the phloem. Thus,
according to plants requirement, the material is translocated from higher
osmotic pressure areas to lower osmotic pressure areas.

Question 30.
What do the following transport?
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
(iii) Pulmonary vein
(iv) Vena cava
(v) Pulmonary artery
(vi) Aorta (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
(i) Xylem is a specialised plant conducting tissue that transports water and
minerals from roots to all aerial parts of plants which occurs against
gravitational force with the help of ascent of sap.
(ii) Phloem transports food that is prepared in the leaves, through
photosynthesis, to various parts of plant. This process is called translocation.
Phloem also transports amino acids, hormones synthesised in the shoot tips
and root tips and other metabolites.
(iii) Pulmonary vein present in human circulatory system brings oxygenated
blood from lungs to the left atrium of heart.
(iv) Vena cava transport deoxygenated blood collected by all veins of body
except pulmonary vein and pass it to the right atrium of heart.
(v) Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from right atrium of heart
to lungs for oxygenation.
(vi) Aorta transports oxygenated blood from left atrium to systemic arteries
which further take the blood to various body parts and organs.

Question 31.
Explain giving any three reasons the significance of transpiration in plants.
(Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Significance of transpiration in plants:
(i) The absorbed water is transported from roots to leaves through xylem
vessels which is greatly influenced by transpiration pull.
(ii) The water stream moving upwards carries dissolved minerals with it.
Transpiration also helps in distributing these minerals throughout the plant.
(iii) The evaporation of water during transpiration provide cooling effect to the
leaves.

Question 32.
List in tabular form three differences between arteries and veins. (Board Term
I, 2013)
Answer:
Differences between arteries and veins are as follows:

Arteries Veins

(i) Arteries are the blood vessels which carry

Veins are blood vessels which bring bloo
blood away from the heart for distribution to the
body back to the heart.
body.

Their walls are thin and valves are prese

(ii) Arteriei walls are thick and valves are absent.
back flow of blood.
(iii) Blood passing through narrow lumen of The blood passing through wide lumen o

arteries is mostly oxygenated and has a deoxygenated (except in pulmonary vein

considerable pressure. low pressure.

(iv) More elastic and placed deeply. Less elastic and superficially placed.

Question 33.
Give reasons:
(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is slow.
(c) Circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs from that in terrestrial
vertebrates.
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as
compared to the night.
(e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs with high
pressure, they have thicker walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is less elaborate than in animals, as plants are
less active, so their cells do not need to be supplied with materials so quickly.
(c) The aquatic vertebrates like fish have gills to oxygenate blood. The flow of
blood in a fish is single circulation because the blood passes through the heart
only once in one complete cycle of body. The terrestrial vertebrates like birds
and humans have double circulation as the blood travels heart twice in one
complete cycle of blood and they have lungs for oxygenation of blood.
(d) It is because during daytime rate of transpiration is higher.
(e) The lumen of veins have valves, which allow the blood in them to flow in
only one direction. Thus prevent back flow of blood.

Question 34.
(a) “Blood circulation in fishes is different from the blood circulation in human
beings”. Justify the statement.
(b) Describe “blood circulation” in human beings. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Fishes have only two chambers in their heart, the blood is pumped to the
gills to get oxygenated blood and from there it passes directly to rest of the
body. Thus, the blood goes only once through the heart during one cycle of
passage through the body. This type of circulation is termed as single
circulation.

In human beings, during circulation blood travels twice through the heart in
one complete cycle of the body and is called double circulation. The pathway
of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary
circulation and the pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and
back to heart is called systemic circulation.

(b) Deoxygenated blood from the body tissues is poured into right atrium.
Contraction of heart forces it into right ventricle. From right ventricle,
deoxygenated blood flows to the lungs through pulmonary artery. Oxygenated
blood from lungs is returned into left atrium and then into left ventricle. The left
ventricle forces the oxygenated blood to the whole body. Thus, for making one
complete round or circulation circuit around all body parts, the blood passes
through the heart twice. This is known as double circulation of blood.

Question 35.
(a) Mention any two components of blood.
(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.
(d) Write one structural difference between the composition of artery and
veins. (2018)
Answer:
(a) Two components of blood are blood plasma and blood corpuscles.
(b) Deoxygenated blood gets oxygenated in the lungs, from there it moves to
heart and pumped to different parts of the body. Its path can be traced out as
Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium of heart → Aorta → Arteries → Body
parts
(c) When blood is pumped, valves prevent back flow of blood between
ventricles and atria. They open and allow the right amount of blood to flow
from one chamber to the other.
(d) Structural difference between veins and arteries is as follows:
Veins:
Veins have thin, less elastic and less muscular walls. They have valves to
prevent back flow of blood.
Arteries:
Arteries have thick, elastic and muscular walls with no valves.

Question 36.
Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label kidneys, ureters on it.
(Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
Diagram of human excretory system is as follows:

ALL DIAGRAMS IN NCERT BOOKS

ALL THE QUESTIONS IN NCERT BOOK TILL TAUGHT.