MATHEMATICS

IOQM

CHAPTER MODULE
ALGEBRA
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BASICS OF ALGEBRA
Variable :
A variable is a letter that is used to represent a numerical quantity. We often use a lower-case letters such as a,
b, c etc. for a variable.
Algebraic Expression :
An algebraic expression is a combination of numbers, variables, operations and grouping sign.
Illustration - x + 5, 3y , 2x + 5y, –3t2, 5(n – 2)

ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES AND FACTORISATION

Square Identities :
(i) (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
(ii) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(iii) (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(iv) (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
(v) (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
1
(vi) a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2
(vii) (a2 + b2) (c2 + d2) = (ac + bd)2 + (ad – bc)2
(viii) a4 + 4b4 = (a2 + 2ab + 2b2) (a2 – 2ab + 2b2) = [(a + b)2 + b2] [(a – b)2 + b2]
(ix) 1 + a2 + a4 = (1 – a + a2) (1 + a + a2)
(x) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca.
1
(xi) ab ª¬(a  b)2  (a  b)2 º¼
4

Cubic Identities :
(i) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b)
(ii) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) = (a – b)3 + 3ab(a – b)
(iii) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(iv) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
(v) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
1
= (a + b + c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2
(a) If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
(b) If a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc, then either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c.

Generalization of Formulae :
1. (a – b) (a3 + a2b + ab2 + b3) = a4 – b4
2. (a – b) (a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4) = a5 – b5
3. (a – b) (an–1 + an–2b + ..... abn–2 + bn–1) = an–bn for all n   N.
Proof : (a – b) (an–1 + an–2b + ..... abn–2 + bn–1)
Ÿ (an + an–1b + .... + a2bn–2 + abn–1) – (an–1b + an–2b2 + .... + abn–1 + bn) = an – bn
4. (a + b) (an–1 – an–2b + ...... – abn–2 + bn–1) = an + bn for odd n  N .
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Proof : For odd n, by using (–b) to replace ‘b’ in (3), we obtain
(a + b) (an–1 + an–2 (–b) + an–3 (–b)2 + ..... + a(–b)n–2 + (–b)n–1) = an – (–b)n
? (a + b) (an–1 – an–2 b + an–3 b2 – ....... – abn–2 + bn–1) = an + bn
5. (a1 + a2 + ..... + an)2
= a12 + a22 + ...... + an2 + 2a1a2 + 2a1a3 + ..... + 2a1an + 2a2a3 + .... + 2a2an + ..... + 2an–1an.
Proof : (a1 + a2 + a3 ..... + an) (a1 + a2 + a3 + ..... + an)
Ÿ a12 + a22 + .... +an2 + 2a1a2 + 2a1a3 + ..... + 2a1an + 2a2a3 + .... + 2a2an + .... + 2an–1an.

Do Yourself - 1
1. Factorize (3a + 3b – 18ab)(3a + 3b – 2) + (1 – 9ab)2.

2. Factorize 2x2 + 7xy – 4y2 – 3x + 6y – 2.

3. Given that x5 – 5qx + 4r has a factor (x – c)2 for some constant c. Prove that q5 = r4.

4. Prove that 816 – 9.277 – 911 is divisible by 45.

5. Factorize 2(x2 + 6x + 1)2 + 5(x2 + 1)(x2 + 6x + 1) + 2(x2 + 1)2.

6. If x2 + 2x + 5 is a factor of x4 + ax2 + b, find the value of a + b.

7. Factorize (ab + cd)(a2 – b2 + c2 – d2) + (ac + bd)(a2 + b2 – c2 – d2).

8. Factorize (ay + bx)3 + (ax + by)3 – (a3 + b3)(x3 + y3).

9. Given that a, b, c are three distinct positive integers. Prove that among the numbers a5b – ab5, b5c – bc5, c5a – ca5, there
must be one that is divisible by 8.

10. Factorize :

(i) (x2 – 2x)3 + (x2 – 4x + 2)3 – 8(x2 – 3x + 1)3

(ii) a3 + b3 + c3 + (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) – 2abc.

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MODULUS FUNCTION
The modulus of a real number x is defined as

­ x if x t 0
x ®
¯ -x if x < 0

Modulus is also known as absolute value

Graph of Modulus Function :

Absolute Value and Distance :

Geometrically, the absolute value of x is the distance between the real number x and the origin on the real number
line.

Absolute value as the distance from 0.

Do Yourself - 2
1. Solve the equation |2x – 5| = x – 1.
2. Solve the equation |x2 – x – 6| = x + 2.
3. Solve the equation 2|x – 2|– 3 |x + 4| = 1.
4. Solve the equation 4
1  x  4 15  x 2.

5. Solve the equation x  1  2x  6 6.

Greatest Integer Function :

The function y = [x] is called the Greatest Integer Function where [x] denotes the greatest integer just less than or
equal to x.
It is also known as Integer Floor Function. The Greatest Integer Function (GIF) is denoted by the symbol [x] or [x].
Any real number x can be expressed as summation of an integer (I) and a fraction (f : 0 d f < 1), I is called integer
part of x where as f is known as fractional part of x.
In terms of integral and fractional parts, we write a real number x as :
x = [x] + {x}
where, {x} represents Fractional Part Function (FPF) which is always positive.
In general, if n is an integer and x is any real number between n and (n + 1).
i.e. n d x < n + 1, n  I
then [x] = n
Note :
1. If x is an integer, then [x] = x.
2. If x is not an integer, then [x] evaluates to the greatest integer less than x.
Thus, [3.335] = 3, [0.95] = 0, [3] = 3, [–5.46]= –6, [S] = 3, [e] = 2, [–S] = –4
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Graph of f(x) = [x] :
The function values for some intervals are as follows :
For –1 d x < 0, f(x) = [x] = –1
For 0 d x < 1, f(x) = [x] = 0
For 1 d x < 2, f(x) = [x] = 1
For 2 d x < 3, f(x) = [x] = 2
Thus, for n d x < n + 1, f(x) = [x] = n
This function is known as step function also.

Hence, Domain : x  R

Range : y  I
GIF is not a periodic function. Even if the function is defined for all real x, the graph is not continuous. It breaks
at integral values of x.

Properties of GIF :
Let x and y be real numbers, then we have

(i) [x] d x < [x] + 1

(ii) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer.

(iii) [x] + [y] d [x + y] d [x] + [y] + 1

If and only if the sum of fractional parts of x and y is less than 1, we have
[x + y] = [x] + [y]

(iv) [–x] = [–x], if x  I

= –[x] – 1, if x  I

­0, if x is an integer
In other form, [x] + [–x] = ®1, otherwise
¯

ª [x] º ªxº
(v) «¬ m »¼ «¬ m »¼ if m is a positive integer..

Fractional Part Function :

We define a Fractional Part Function (FPF) denoted by {x} as :
[x] = x – [x]
This function returns fractional part of the number, when x is not an integer.
For e.g. {1.7} = 1.7 – [1.7] = 1.7 – 1 = 0.7
[–0.54] = –0.54 – [–0.54] = –0.54 – (–1) = 0.36
{5} = 5 – [5] = 5 – 5 = 0
Graph of f(x) = {x} :

­ x  1; 1 d x  0
° x  0; 0d x 1
°
y {x} ®
° x  1; 1d x2
°¯ x  n; n d x  n  1, n  I
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o Domain : x  R
Range : O d y < 1
FPF is a periodic function. The value repeat with a period of 1.
Properties of FPF :
Let x be a real number. Then we have
(i) 0 d {x} < 1
(ii) {x + m} = {x} if m is an integer.
(iii) {–x} = 1 – {x}, x  I
= 0, x  I

Do Yourself - 3
1. Solve [x]2 = [x + 2], where [x] is greatest integer less than or equal to x.

1
2. Solve : 5{x} = x + [x] and [x] – {x} =
2
3. Solve 2[x] = x +{x}, where [•] and {•} denote the greatest integer function and the fractional part function, respectively.
4. Solve [x]2 = x + 2{x}, where [•] and {•} denote the greatest integer function and the fractional part function, respectively.
Partial Fractions :
The sums of rational expressions are found by combining two or more rational expressions into one rational expression.
Here, the reverse process is considered : given one rational expression, express it as the sum of two or more rational
expressions. A special type of sum of rational expressions is called the partial fraction decomposition; each term in
the sum is a partial fraction. The technique of decomposing a rational expression into partial fractions is useful in
calculus and other areas of mathematics.
f(x)
Ÿ Partial fraction decompostion of .
g(x)
To form a partial fraction decomposition of a rational expression, we use the following steps:
Step-1 :
f(x)
If is not a proper fraction (a fraction with the numerator of lower degree than the denominator), divide f(x)
g(x)
by g(x).
x 4  3x 3  x 2  5x 14x  6
For example, x 2  3x  2 
x3  3 x3  3
Then, apply the following step to the remainder, which is a proper fraction.
Step-2 :
Factor g(x) completely into factors of the form (ax + b)m or (cx2 + dx + e)n, where cx2 + dx + e is irreducible and
m and n are integers.
Step-3 :

A
(a) For each distinct linear factor (ax + b), the decomposition must include the term .
ax  b
(b) For each repeated linear factor (ax + b)m, the decomposition must include the terms

A1 A2 Am
  .... 
ax  b ax  b
2
ax  b
m
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Step-4 :
(a) For each distinct quadratic factor (cx2 + dx + e), the decomposition must include the term
Bx  C
cx2  dx  e
(b) For each repeated quadratic factor (cx2 + dx + e)n, the decomposition must include the terms
B1 x  C 1 B 2 x  C2 Bn x  Cn
  ... 
cx  dx  e
2
cx 2  dx  e
2
cx 2  dx  e
n

Step-5 :
Use algebraic techniques to solve for the constants in the numerators of the decomposition.
Do Yourself - 4
1. Find the partial fraction decomposition for the following ratio and expressions :

7x  10 4x2  13x  9 6x  11
(a) (b) (c)
(x  2)(x  1) x3  2x2  3x (x  1)2

5x 2  6x  7 3x 4  9x3  14x2  9x  2
(d) (e)
(x  1)(x 2  1) (x  1) (x2  2x  2)2

PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

Mathematical induction is a tool by which we can prove correctness of any mathematical statement or proposition
easily. As the name suggests, it works on the principle of induction i.e., result for higher integer gets induced from
the result for lower integers. It is widely used in proving identities, inequalities, divisibility of an expression by another
number or by another expression, theorems etc. It involves three steps Verification, Induction and Generalization.
Let P(n) be a statement involving the natural number n. To prove that P(n) is true for all natural numbers n, we
prove as follows.
Step I : Prove that P(m) is true for some initial condition i.e., for m = 1 or m = 2 or for some other natural number.
Step lI : Assuming that P(m) is true and show that P(m + 1) is also true. It is important that usually the 2nd step
is the most difficult to prove and various mathematical tools may have to be applied for doing this according to the
nature of a given question.
Step III : The statement is generalized i.e., P(n) is true for all values of n.

Do Yourself - 5
2
§ n(n  1) ·
1. Prove the formula 13 + 23 + 33 + ..... + n3 = ¨ ¸ .
© 2 ¹

2. Prove by PMI that 1.2 + 2.5 + ..... + n(3n – 1) = n2 (n + 1)  n  `.

n(n 2  1)(3n  2)
3. Prove by PMI that 1.22 + 2.32 + ..... + (n –1)n2 =  n  N.
12
4. Prove by PMI that 2 + 22 + 23 + ..... + 2n = 2(2n – 1)  n  `.

1 1 1 n
5. Prove by Induction    ..... to n-terms = .
1.2 2.3 3.4 n 1
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SURDS
Definitions :
For an even positive n, by the notation n
a , where a t 0, we denote the non-negative real number x which satisfiess
n
the equation x = a. In particular, when n = 2, 2
a is called square root of a, and denoted by a usually..
For odd positive integer n and any real number a, by the notation n
a we denote the real number x which satisfiess
n
the equation x = a.
An algebraic expression containing a, where a > 0 is not a perfect square number, is called quadratic surd expression,
1
like 1  2, etc.
2 3
Basic Operational Rules on a

(I) ( a )2 a, where a t 0 .

­ a for a ! 0,
2 °
(II)
a a ® 0 for a 0,
°a for a  0,
¯

(III) ab a ˜ b if ab t 0

a a
(IV) if ab t 0, b z 0 .
b b

n
(V) a an if a t 0

(VI) a c b c (a  b) c if c t 0
Laws of Radicals :
If a > 0, b > 0 and n is a positive rational number, then

(i) n n n
a b ab

n
a n
a
(ii) n
b b

(iii) m n mn n m
a a a
Order of Surd :
In the surd n
a , n is called the order of the surd. Thus, the order of 2, 3 3, 4 5 are 2, 3, 4 respectively..
Rationalization of Denominators :
1 a b c d
(I) , where a, b, c, d are rational numbers, b, d t 0 and a2b – c2d z 0.
a b c d a2 b  c2 d

1 a b c d
(II) , where a, b, c, d are rational numbers, b, d t 0 and a2b – c2d z 0.
a b c d a2 b  c2 d

In algebra, the expressions A  B C and A  B C , where A, B, C are rational and C is an irrational are called
led
conjugate surd expressions.
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Square Root of a Quadratic Surd :
Consider the real number a  b, where a and b are rational numbers and b is a surd. Equate the square root

of a  b to x  y, where x and y are rational number, i.e. a b x y .

Squaring both sides, a  b x  y  2 xy

Equating the rational numbers on the two sides of the above equation,
We get a = x + y …(1)
and equating the irrational numbers, we get

b 2 xy …(2)

By solving (1) and (2), we get the values of x and y.

Similarly, a b x y

Square Root of a Trinomial Quadratic Surd :

Consider the real number a  b  c  d , where a is a rational number and b, c and d are surds.

a b c  d x y z
By squaring both sides, and comparing rational and irrational parts on either sides, we get,
? a b  c  d x  y  z  2 xy  2 xz  2 yz
x + y + z = a
2 xy b; 2 xz c; 2 yz d
1 bd 1 bc 1 cd
By solving, we get the values of x, y and z as x , y and z .
2 c 2 d 2 b
Other Important Results :

bc
•
3
ab c  c
3

x2 k x2 k
• a b  a b 2a, a2  b 1 Ÿ x r k r1

Do Yourself - 6
1. Express as equivalent fractions with rational denominator :
1 2 1
(a) (b) (c)
1 2  3 2 3 5 a  b  ab
2. Find a factor which will rationalise :
(a) 3
3 2 (b) a1/6 + b1/4
3. Find the square root of
(a) 16  2 20  2 28  2 35 (b) 24  4 15  4 21  2 35
4. Find the cube root of
(a) 10  6 3 (b) 99  70 2

x2  1 1
5. Evaluate , when 2x a .
x  x2  1 a
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6. Evaluate 5 6 7 5 6 7 5 6 7  5 6 7 .
1 1 2
7. Calculate the value of   .
1 4 5 1 4 5 1 5
1 1 1
8. Simplify : P   ....  .
2 1 2 3 2 2 3 100 99  99 100

2014 4  4 u 2013 4 20124  4 u 2013 4

9. Calculate the value of :  .
20132  40272 20132  40252
1 1
10. If x > 0 and x  47, then find the value of x3 
4
.
x4 x3

Do Yourself - 7
2 2
1. Find the value of  .
52 6 52 6

2. Simplify : 82 2 5 2 7 .

3. Find the value of 2 2 2 2......  2  2  2  2  ...... .

2
4. Given that y is the nearest integer of  3 3 , find the value of 94 y .
3
3 1

1
5. Find the nearest integer of .
17  12 2

1 x  2  x2  4x
6. Given x a , find the value of .
a x  2  x2  4x

a  8 a 1 3 a  8 a 1
7. Simplify 3 a  a .
3 3 3 3

8. Evaluate a  3  4 a 1  a  3  4 a 1 .

9. Simplify 2 ab  a  b, where a z b.

10. Simplify 1  a2  1  a2  a 4 .

Telescoping Sums, Series and Products :

The term telescoping sum applies to an expression of the form
n
¦ (a(k  1)  a(k))
k 0

Ÿ (a(1) – a(0)) + (a(2) – a(1)) + (a(3) – a(2)) + ..... + (a(n + 1) – a(n))

and observe that all the intermediate terms in the sum cancel out, leaving the last and the first :
a(n + 1) – a(0)
 $//(1
n n n n 1 n
Also, ¦ (a(k  1)  a(k)) ¦ a(k  1)  ¦ a(k) ¦ a(k)  ¦ a(k)
k 0 k 0 k 0 k 1 k 0

§ n · § n ·
¨ ¦ a(k)  a(n  1) ¸  ¨ ¦ a(k)  a(0) ¸
©k 1 ¹ ©k 1 ¹
= a(n + 1) – a(0)
• The concept of telescoping extends to finite and infinite products.

n
f(k  1) f(n  1)
e.g. –
k 1 f(k) f(1)

Do Yourself - 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
1. Evaluate the sum     ......   .
2 6 12 20 380 420
1 1 1 1 1 1
2. Evaluate the sum     .....   .
1u 2 2 u 3 3 u 4 4 u 5 19 u 20 20 u 21
1 1 1 1 1 1
3. Evaluate      .
3 15 35 63 99 143

4. Find the sum + + + + .

5. Find the sum .

6. Evaluate – .

7. Calculate + + +...+ .
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RATIO AND PROPORTION
a
If a and b be two quantities of the same kind, then their ratio is a : b; which may be denoted by the fraction .
b
(This may be an integer or fraction)
In the ratio a : b, a is the first term (Antecedent) and b is the second term (Consequent).

a ma na
A ratio may represented in a number of ways e.g. ..... where m, n, .... are non-zero numbers.
b mb nb
Let a, b, c, d be positive integers now to compare two ratios a : b and c : d we use following :
• (a : b) > (c : d) if ad > bc
• (a : b) = (c : d) if ad = bc
• (a : b) < (c : d) if ad < bc
To compare two or more ratios, reduce them to common denominator.
Note :

a ax 41 45
• If a > b > 0 and x > 0, then ! , e.g. !
b bx 40 44

a ax
• If 0 < a < b and x > 0, then  .
b bx

Proportion :
When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities composing them are said to be proportional.

a c
So, if , then it is written as a : b = c : d or a : b :: c : d.
b d
Where ‘a’ and ‘d’ are known as extremes and ‘b and c’ are known as means.
(i) An important property of proportion : Product of extremes = Product of means.

a c e ace
(ii) If then each is equal to .
b d f bdf
(iii) If a : b = c : d, then b : a = d : c (Invertando)
a c b d
i.e. Ÿ
b d a c
(iv) If a : b = c : d, then a : c = b : d (Alternando)
a c a b
i.e. Ÿ
b d c d

ab cd
(v) If a : b = c : d, then (Componendo)
b d

a c a c
i.e. Ÿ 1 1
b d b d

ab cd
(vi) If a : b = c : d, then (Dividendo)
b d

a c a c
i.e. Ÿ 1 1
b d b d
 $//(1
ab cd
(vii) If a : b = c : d, then (Componendo and dividendo)
ab cd

a c a c ab cd
i.e. Ÿ 1 1 Ÿ …(1)
b d b d b d

a c
1 1
b d

ab cd
Ÿ …(2)
b d
Dividing equation (1) by (2) we obtain
ab cd
ab cd

Do Yourself - 9
a 2 b 4 ab
1, If and , then find value of .
b 3 c 5 bc
a 3 b 7
2. If and , then find the value of a : b : c.
b 5 c 13
p
3. If sum of two numbers is s and their quotient is . Find number..
q

a c e 2a 4 b2  3a 2 c 2  5e 4 f
4. If , then find the value of in terms of a and b.
b d f 2b6  3b2 d 2  5f 5
5. If x : a = y : b = z : c, then show that (a2 + b2 + c2) (x2 + y2 + z2) = (ax + by + cz)2.
$//(1
EXERCISE - 1

1. Find the positive real solutions of the equation x  2 x  ...  2 x  2 3x x.

1 1 1
2. Find the sum   .....  .
1 2 2 3 n  n 1

f
3. Let Dbe a root of unity. Prove that D 1 ¦ D n (1  D )(1  D2 )....(1  Dn ) with the convention that the 0thh term of the
n 0

series is 1.

4. Let a n 3n  n 2  1 and b n 2 n2  n  n2  n , n t 1.

Show that a1  b1  a 2  b2  ....  a 49  b 49 A  B 2 for some integers A and B.

5. Solve the equation x  3  4 x 1  x  8  6 x 1 1.

6. Let a, b be real numbers, and f(x) = ax + b satisfies |f(x)| d 1 for any x  [0, 1]. Then the maximum of ab is ........
7. Factorise the expression a(b – c)3 + b(c – a)3 + c(a – b)3.

ab bc ca

8. Prove that if   0 then at least two of the numbers a, b, c are equal. (Try solving using Trigonometric
1  ab 1  bc 1  ca
identities too)

9. Find the value of number 143  153  163  ....  243  253 .

10. Prove that the number 3

45  29 2  3 45  29 2 is a rational number..

3 3 2001
11. Evaluate 1!  2!  3!  2!  3!  4!  .....  1999!  2000!  2001! .

1 1 1 1 n(n  3)
12. Prove that    ....  for all n, where n is a natural number..
1˜2 ˜3 2 ˜3 ˜ 4 3 ˜ 4 ˜5 n(n  1)(n  2) 4(n  1)(n  2)

13. Prove that for any positive integer number n, n3 + 2n is divisible by 3.

14. Find the square root of 7  24 1 .

m
15. If the value of x for |x – 1| = |x – 2| is of the form , where m and n are co-primes, then find value of m + n.
n

16. If one root of ax  bx a  b is 2012, then find the possible values of ‘a’ and ‘b’.

2014 4  4 u 2013 4 20124  4 u 2013 4

17. Calculate the value of  .
20132  40272 20132  40252

3/2 3/2
52  6 43  52  6 43
18. Find the value of .
18

x y z xyz x(y  z)  y(z  x)  z(x  y)

19. If , prove that .
bca cab abc abc 2(ax  by  cz)
 $//(1
x 1  x 1 4x  1
20. Solve the equation .
x 1  x 1 2

mx  n
21. Resolve into partial fractions.
(x  a)(x  b)

22. Find the cube root of 9 3  11 2 .

1 1 1
23. Find all positive integers x, y satisfying  .
x y 20

8 x  27x 7
24. Find all real numbers x for which .
12 x  18 x 6

25. Solve the equation x 3  3x x2 .

26. Find all real numbers x satisfying the equation 2x + 3x – 4x + 6x – 9x = 1.
2
27. Solve the equation 2(2x – 1)x2 + (2x – 2)x = 2x+1 – 2 for real numbers x.

a a 2  4ab  4b 2
28. Simplify the expression .
a  2b a(2b  a)

7 3 7 3
29. Given x , y , find the value of x4 + y4 + (x + y)4.
7 3 7 3

x 2  4x  3  (x  1) x2  9
30. Simplify the expression , where x > 3.
x 2  4x  3  (x  1) x2  9
$//(1
EXERCISE - 2

1. Prove that 1  2 1  3 1  4 1  .... 3.

x y y z
2. Find all triples (m, n, p) of positive integers such that m + n + p = 2002 and the system of equations  m;  n;
y x z y

z x
 p has at least one solution in non-zero real numbers.
x z

4n  4n 2  1
3. Let a n ; for n t 1 . Prove that a1 + a2 + .... + a40 is a positive integer..
2n  1  2n  1

4. How many different integer solutions to the inequality |x| + |y| < 100 are there ?
5. Factorize the expression (x + a)7 – (x7 + a7).

2x  7 a b
6. Find numbers a, b, c, d for which the equation  would be an identity..
4x  16x  15
2
xc xd
7. Solve the equation |x| + |x – 1| + |x – 2| = a where ‘a’ denotes a given positive number.

x3  m3 x3  n3 x 3  p3 3(x  m)(x  n)(x  p) 3

8. Find all real x which satisfy    .
(x  m) 3
(x  n) 3
(x  p) 3
2(x  m)(x  n)(x  p) 2

1 1
9. The number 1, ,........, are written on a blackboard. A student chooses any two of the numbers, say x, y erasess
2 2010
them and then writes down x + y + xy. He continues to do this until only one number is left on the blackboard. What is
this number?
10. Let x, y and z be complex numbers such that x + y + z = 2, x2 + y2 + z2 = 3, xyz = 4.

1 1 1
Evaluate   .
xy  z  1 yz  x  1 zx  y  1

11. Find a triple of rational numbers (a, b, c) such that 3 3

2 1 3
a3b3c.

f
(n  1)! 1
12. Let x be a positive real number. Prove that ¦ (x  1).........(x  n) x
.
n 1

13. Prove that n! > 2n for n being a positive integer greater than or equal to 4.
14. Solve : 8x3/2n – 8x–3/2n = 63

3x 2  x  2
15. Find the general term of when expanded in a series of ascending powers of x.
(x  2)2 (1  2x)

7x
16. Expand in ascending powers of x and find the general term.
(1  x)(1  x 2 )

3
17. Find the square root of (x  1)  2x2  7x  4 .
2

9
18. Suppose a, b are positive real numbers such that a a  b b 183, a b  b a 182. Find (a  b) .
5
 $//(1
19. Find polynomials f(x), g(x) and h(x), if they exist, such that for all x,

­ 1 if x  1
°
f(x)  g(x)  h(x) ® 3x  2 if 1 d x d 0
°2x  2 if x!0
¯

20. Let x a 2  a  1  a 2  a  1, a  R. Find all possible values of x.

21. Find all real numbers x for which 10x + 11x + 12x = 13x + 14x.

n
1
22. Evaluate : ¦ (n  k)! (n  k)! .
k 0

23. What is the coefficient of x2 when (1 + x) (1 + 2x) (1 + 4x) ...... (1 + 2nx) is expanded?

x 2 3 x2 3
24. If 5  2 6  52 6 10, then x = .......................

c  2  c 1 c 2  c 1 c  c 1
25. Given that c > 1 and x , y , z arrange x, y, z in ascending
c  c 1 c 1  c c  2  c 1
order.

1  3x x 2  2 x
26. Let x be a real number, and let A  . Prove that A is an integer, and find the unit digit of
1 x 2x
A2023.

1
§ 4 2 1·
27. Simplify 3
3¨3  3  3 ¸ .
© 9 9 9¹

6
28. Given that the decimal part of M 13  11 is P, find the value of M(1 – P).

x 4  6x3  2x2  18x  23

29. Find the value of when x 19  8 3 .
x2  8x  15

1
30. Find the nearest integer of .
17  12 2
$//(1
ANSWER KEY

Do Yourself - 1
1. (3a – 1)2 (3b – 1)2 2. (2x – y + 1)(x + 4y – 2) 3. r4 4. 45
5. 9(x2 + 4x + 1)(x + 1)2 6. 31 7. (a–d)(b+c)(a+b–c+d)(a–b+c+d)
8. 3abxy(a+b)(x+y) 9. 8 10. (a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2)
Do Yourself - 2
­ 9 ½
1. x = 2, 4 2. x = –2, 2, 4 3. x  ®15, ¾
¯ 5¿
4. x1 = 1, x2 = –15 5. x=5
Do Yourself - 3
1 8
1. x  [–1, 0) ‰ [2, 3) 2. x = 3/2 3. x = 0, 3/2 4. x  , 0, 1,
3 3
Do Yourself - 4
4 3 3 2 1 6 5
1. (a)  (b)   (c) 
x  2 x 1 x x 1 x  3 x  1 (x  1)2

3 2x  4 1 2x  1 x
(d)  2 (e)  
x 1 x 1 (x  1) x2  2x  2 (x2  2x  2)2

Do Yourself - 6
2 2  6 3  6  15 a b  b a  ab(a  b)
1. (a) (b) (c)
4 6 2ab
5/3 4/3 1/2 2/3 3/2 1/3 2 5/2
2. (a) 3 + 3 • 2 + 3.2 + 3 • 2 + 3 • 2 + 2
(b) a11/6 – a10/6 • b1/4 + a9/6 b1/2 – ..... + a1/6 b10/4 – b11/4
3. (a) 5  7 2 (b) 5  7 2 3
4. (a) 1 3 (b) 32 2
a 1 9
5. 6. 104 7. –1 8. 9. 0 10. 18
2 10
Do Yourself - 7
1. 4 2. 2 5  7 3. 0 4. 1 5. 6

­° 4, if 1 d a  5
6. a2 7. 2 8. ® 9. A a  b
°̄2 a  1, if a t 5

2 a2  a  1  a2  a  1
10.
2
Do Yourself - 8
20 20 6 1 5 2007 49
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 49
21 21 13 15 17 4018 100
Do Yourself - 9
20 sp sq a4
1. 2. 21 : 35 : 65 3. , 4.
27 pq pq b4
 $//(1
EXERCISE - 1 EXERCISE - 2
2. (2, 1000, 1000), (1000, 2, 1000), (1000, 1000, 2)
4. 19801 integer solution
1. x=3
2 2
2. n 1 1 § 1 i 3 · § 1i 3 ·
5. 7ax (x  a) ¨ x  a¸ ¨x  a¸
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
4. AB 2 5  4 2
5 5 3
6. a = 3, b =  ,c= ,d=
5. 5 d x d 10 2 2 2
6. 1/4 7. If a < 2, equation has no solution.
7. (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c) If a = 2, x = 1
If 2 < a < 3, x = 3 – a, x = a – 1
9. 312
(3  a) a3
1 1 If a t 3, x , x
11.  3 3
2 2001!
8. x1,2 = 0; x3,4 = ± mp  np  mn
14. r 3  4 1
x5,6 = mn r np  mn
15. 5
9. 2010
17. 0
2
18. 46 10. 
9
5
20.
4 § 4 2 1 ·
11. ¨ , , ¸
©9 9 9¹
1 § ma  n mb  n ·
21. ¨  ¸ 1
(a  b) © x  a xb ¹ 14. x = 22n or
22n
22. 3 2 § 2r 5 1 r  1 · r
15. ¨  ˜ r  r ¸x
23. {(45, 180), (80, 80), (180, 45)} © 3 6 2 2 ¹
24. x = ±1 1
17. 2x  1  x  4
4S 4S 2
25. x = 2, x 2 cos , x 2 cos
5 7 18. 73
26. x=0 (3x  3) 5x 1
19. f(x); g(x) & h(x) x 
27. x = –1, 0, and 1 2 2 2
20. x  (–1, 1)
a 21. x=2
28. 
2b  a
22n 1 1
29. 1152 22. Sn 
(2n)! 2(n !) 2

x2  9 2n 1  1 2n 1  2
30.
x3 23.
3
24. x = ±2
26. Unit digit = 3
27. 3
2 1
28. 64
29. 5
30. 6