GIRISH'S PRIVATE TUTION FOR PHYSICS

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CHAPTER - 5
MAGNETISM AND MATTER
Magnet
Magnet is the strongest attractive substance. Magnets are
basically classified into two :
1. Natural magnets
2. Artificial magnets

1. Natural magnets :
Naturally occurring magnets are called natural magnets.
Eg : Earth is a perfect magnet.

2. Artificial magnets :
Man - made magnets are called artificial magnets.
Eg : Bar magnet, U - shaped magnet, horse shoe magnet
etc.

Properties of a magnet :

1. Attractive Property :
A magnet can attract certain substances like Nickel, Iron,
Cobalt, Steel etc (NICS) and these substances are called
magnetic substances. Power of attraction is maximum at the
poles and maximum at the centre.

2. Directive Property :
When a magnet is freely suspended, it oscillates for
sometime and comes to rest in the geographical north to south
direction. This property is called directive property.
 3. Isolated poles do not exist but unlike poles exist.

4. Like poles repel each other but unlike poles attract each
other.

Magnetic Length (𝟐𝒍)

The distance between poles of a magnet is known as magnetic

strength.
Magnetic dipole
A pair of equal and opposite poles separated by a small vector
distance is known as magnetic dipole. It is a sector quantity.
Magnetic moment (𝒎)
It is defined as the product of pole strength and distance
between the poles.
If 𝑃 is the pole strength and 2𝑙 is the distance between the
poles, magnetic moment is given by

𝑚 = 2𝑙𝑝
Magnetic moment is a vector quantity whose direction is
from south pole to north pole of a magnet.

Force on a pole placed in a magnetic field :

A magnetic pole of strength 𝑃 placed in a magnetic field 𝐵
experiences a force is given by,
𝐹 = 𝑃𝐵
Force between magnetic poles (Inverse square law in
magnetism)
The force of attraction or repulsion between magnetic
poles is directly proportional to product of the pole strength and
inversely proportional to square of the distance between them.
If ′𝑃1 ′ and ′𝑃2 ′ are the pole strength and ′𝑟′ is the distance
between poles, the force is given by,
1
𝐹 ∝ 𝑃1 𝑃2 ×
𝑟2
𝑃1 𝑃2
𝐹∝
𝑟2
𝑃1 𝑃2
𝐹=𝑘
𝑟2
𝜇0
where 𝑘 =
4𝜋
𝜇0 𝑃1 𝑃2
𝐹=
4𝜋 𝑟 2

where 𝜇0 is known as permeability of free space.

Force and Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in a

uniform magnetic field :
 Consider a magnetic dipole 𝑁𝑆 of pole strength P and
dipole length 2𝑙, placed in a uniform magnetic field P inclined
at an angle 𝜃 with the direction of the field.
Force acting on the northpole is PB
Force acting on the south pole is -PB
So the net force acting on the dipole is given by
F = PB + -PB
F=0
The torque acting on the dipole is given by
𝜏 = One of the forces × perpendicular distance
𝜏 = PB × SA
From ∆𝑁𝑆𝐴,
𝑆𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑁𝑆
𝑆𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
2𝑙

𝑆𝐴 = 2𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜏 = 𝑃𝐵 × 2𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜏 = 2𝑙 𝑃𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
But, 𝑚 = 2𝑙𝑝

𝜏⃗ = 𝑚 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵
𝜏 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
When 𝜃 = 90° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 1 𝑇
∴ 𝜏=𝑚
Or
𝑚=𝜏
 Thus, magnetic moment is numerically equal to the torque
when it is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field of unit
magnetic field strength.
𝜏 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
When 𝜃 = 0
𝜏=0
ie, when the dipole is placed parallel to the direction of
magnetic field. This is the reason why a freely suspended
magnet always comes to rest in the geographical north to south
direction.

Gauss Theorem in Magnetism :

The surface integral of the magnetic flux over a closed

surface is zero.
Consider a small area ds and a magnetic flux B, then
according to gauss theorem,
⃗⃗. 𝑑⃗𝑠 = 0
∮𝐵
Magnetic Lines of Force :

Magnetic lines of force in a magnetic field indicates the

direction along which the magnetic force acts. It is a continuous
curve in a magnetic field such that tangent at any point gives the
direction of magnetic field at that point.

Characteristics of Magnetic lines of force:

1. Magnetic field lines will never intersect each other.
2. The tangent to the line of force at any point gives the direction
of magnetic field.
3. Magnetic lines of force are always closed.
4. In a uniform magnetic field, lines of force are parallel to each
other.
5. The no. of lines of force passing through the unit area is the
intensity of magnetic field.

Earth's magnetic field :

Earth's magnetic field consist of two meridians.
 1. Geographic meridian
It is the vertical plane passing through earth's axis of rotation.
2. Magnetic meridian
It is the vertical plane passing through the axis of a freely
suspended magnet.

Magnetic elements on the Earth :

Magnetic elements on the earth are classified into three :
1.Magnetic declination
2. Dip or inclination
3. Horizontal intensity
1. Magnetic declination :

The angle between magnetic meridian and geographic

meridian is called magnetic declination.
2. Dip or Inclination :
 The angle between B and 𝐵𝐻 is called dip or inclination.
Earth's magnetic field can be resolved into two
components:
1. Horizontal component (𝐵𝐻 )
2. Vertical component (𝐵𝑉 )

If 𝜃 is the dip at a place, then

𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1)
𝐵𝑉 = 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (2)
eqn (2) ÷ eqn (1)

𝐵𝑉 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
=
𝐵𝐻 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝐵𝑉
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝐵𝐻
𝐵𝑉
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝐵𝐻
𝐵
𝜃= tan−1 ( 𝑉 )
𝐵𝐻
3. Horizontal Intensity :

It is the horizontal component of the total intensity of

the earth's magnetic field at the place.

Magnetic Properties of Materials :

Magnetic properties are classified into three:
1. Magnetic field (H)
2. Permeability (𝜇)
3. Susceptability (𝜒)
 1. Magnetic field (H) :
When a magnetic substance is placed in a magnetic
field it becomes magnetised. The ability of the applied
magnetic field to magnetise the substance is called
magnetising field.
The magnetising field along the axis of a long
solenoid of no of turns per unit length (n) carrying current
(I) is given by
𝐻=𝑛𝐼

2. Permeability
The ratio of magnetic flux density (B) to the
magnetising field (H) is known as permeability
𝐵
𝜇=
𝐻

𝐵=𝜇𝐻
In free space, 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻
3. Susceptability (𝝌)
It is defined as the ratio of intensity of
magnetisation (M) to the magnetising field (H).
𝑀
𝜒=
𝐻

Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic and Diamagnetic

substances :
On the basis of magnetic behavior, magnetic substances
are classified into three :
1. Paramagnetic substances
2.Ferromagnetic substances
3. Diamagnetic substances
1. Paramagnetic substances :

These substances are those which when placed in a

magnetic field is feabily magnetised in the direction of
magnetic field.
Eg : Manganese, Aluminium, Sodium, Chromium etc
(MASC)
Properties of Paramagnetic substances :
1. The atoms of paramagnetic substances have small
magnetic moments.
2. When a paramagnetic substance is suspended freely in a
uniform magnetic field, its length is parallel to the magnetic
field.
3. The relative permeability of paramagnetic substance is
slightly greater than one.
4. Susceptibility is small but has positive value.

2. Ferromagnetic substances :

These substances are those which when placed in a

magnetic field are strongly magnetised in the direction of
the magnetic field.
 Eg : Nickel, Iron, Cobalt, Steel (NICS)

Properties of Ferromagnetic substances :

1. Atoms of ferromagnetic substance have small magnetic
moment.
2. When a ferromagnetic substance is suspended freely in a
uniform magnetic field, its length is parallel to the magnetic
field.
3. The relative permeability of a ferromagnetic substance is
greater than a paramagnetic substance.
4. Susceptibility is large and has positive value.

3. Diamagnetic substances :

These substances are those which when placed in a

magnetic field are feabily magnetised in the direction
opposite to the magnetic field.
Eg : Bismath, silver, Mercury, Water, Zinc (BISIMEWZ)
 Properties of Diamagnetic substances :
1. The atoms of a diamagnetic substance have no magnetic
moment.
2. When a diamagnetic substance is suspended freely in a
uniform magnetic field whose length is perpendicular (right
angle) to the magnetic field.
3. Relative permeability of a diamagnetic substance is less
than 1.
4. Susceptibility is small and has negative value.

Magnetic Hysteresis Curve :

Let an iron bar is magnetised slowly. When the

magnetising field (H) gradually increases, magnetic flux
density (B) increases along OA. At A, the magnetic flux density
reaches a saturation value.
Let the magnetic field (H) now decreases B also
decreases. It is represented by OC. The value of the magnetic
flux density won when the magnetising field is reduced to zero
is called retentivity.
 If H is increased in the reverse direction, the value of B
decreases and become zero. This is represented by OD. The
value of the reverse magnetising field required to demagnetise
the substance is called coercivity.
When H is increased, B also increases. It is found that
magnetic flux density always lags behind the magnetising field.
The lagging of B behind H is called hysteresis. The closed curve
ACDEFGA is called magnetic hysteresis curve. The area of the
hysteresis curve represent the energy loss of magnetisation of
the substance.

Permanent Magnets and Electro magnets :

PERMANENT MAGNETS
Substance which retain their magnetism at room
temperature for a long period are called permanent magnets.
The substance making for permanent magnets should have
high retentivity, high coercivity and high permeability.
Usually alloy such as alnico (An alloy of aluminium, nickel,
cobalt, iron and copper and cobalt steel (an alloy of Co, Fe, W
and C)
ELECTROMAGNETS
The property of magnetism is achieved by passing
current through a coil wound around a piece of iron. These are
magnets where magnetism is completely lost, when current
through the solenoid is switched off.
The material should have high retentivity, high
permeability and low coercivity. Electromagnets are used in
electric bells, loud speakers, telephone diaphragms etc and
also electromagnets are used in lifting heavy machines in
factories.
Curie's Law :
Susceptibility is inversely proportional to absolute
temperature.
1
𝜒∝
𝑇

This is known as Curie's law.

Dynamo effect :
There is a thick core of radius of about 3500 km inside
the earth. The core is in a molten state. It contains melted iron,
nickel and other minerals which easily conduct electric current.
With the rotation of the earth about its axis, the core also rotates.
This produces a circulating surface current which produces the
earth's magnetism. This effect is called dynamo effect.

APPLICATION QUESTIONS :
1. Steel is preferred for permanent magnets whereas soft iron
preferred for making electromagnets. Give its reason

Permanent magnets should have high value of

retentivity, coercivity and permeability. Therefore, steel is
preferred as a permanent magnet.
Electromagnets should have high retentivity, high
permeability and low coercivity. Therefore, soft iron is
preferred as an electromagnet.

2. The vertical component of earth's magnetic field is

√3 times the horizontal component. What is the value of dip
at this place?

𝐵𝑉 = √3 𝐵𝐻
 𝐵
𝜃 = tan−1 ( 𝑉 )
𝐵𝐻
√3 𝐵𝐻
𝜃= tan−1 ( )
𝐵𝐻
−1
𝜃 = tan √3
𝜃 = 60°

3. The permeability of BISMTH is 0.9983

(a) To which class of a magnetic material does BISMATH
belongs.
(b) Obtain a relation between relative permeability and
absolute permeability.

(a) Diamagnetic substance

(b) 𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟

4. The value of intensity of magnetisation is small but positive

for a specimen.

(a) It is diamagnetic, ferromagnetic or paramagnetic?

(b) Give some examples
(c) Mention some properties of it.

(a) Paramagnetic substance

(b) Mn, Al, Na, Cr
(c) Properties (Refer note)

GIRISH'S PRIVATE TUITION FOR PHYSICS

Contact : 9447015114, 9496466364