API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

9th Edition

CHAPTER 12

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Revised Chapter 12 to First Edition (1966),

Second Edition (1970), Third Edition (1976),
Fourth Edition (1982), Fifth Edition (1992),
Seventh Edition (2005), Eighth Edition (2006)
and Ninth Edition (2013)

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Table of Contents

Chapter 12 – Thermal Conductivity

Page

12-0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 12-1

Table 12-0.1 Thermal Conductivity of Hydrocarbons .................................................. 12-3
Figure 12-0.2 Liquid Hydrocarbon Thermal Conductivity Calculation Procedures ...... 12-4
Figure 12-0.3 Gaseous Hydrocarbon Thermal Conductivity Calculation Procedures ... 12-5

12A Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbon Systems ...................................................................... 12-7

12A1 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbon Systems............................................................ 12-7
Procedure 12A1.1 Thermal Conductivity of Pure Liquid Hydrocarbons at Low
Pressures and Below the Normal Boiling Point ...................................... 12-7
Procedure 12A1.2 Thermal Conductivity of Pure Liquid Hydrocarbons at Low Pressures,
Generalized Method .............................................................................. 12-12
Procedure 12A1.3 Thermal Conductivity of Pure Liquid Hydrocarbons above the
Normal Boiling Point and at All Pressures ............................................ 12-14
12A2 Thermal Conductivity of Defined Liquid Hydrocarbons Mixtures ........................................ 12-16
Procedure 12A2.1 Thermal Conductivity of Defined Liquid Hydrocarbons Mixtures ....... 12-16
12A3 Thermal Conductivity of Undefined Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixtures ...................................... 12-18
Procedure 12A3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Uncharacterized Liquid Petroleum Fractions
at Low Pressures.................................................................................... 12-18
Procedure 12A3.2 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Petroleum Fractions at
Low Pressures… ................................................................................... 12-20
Procedure 12A3.3 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Petroleum Fraction Blended
with Defined Light Hydrocarbon Liquid Mixtures ............................... 12-22
12A4 Effect of Pressure on Liquid Hydrocarbon Thermal Conductivities..................................... 12-25
Procedure 12A4.1 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbons at High Pressures ....... 12-25

12B Thermal Conductivity of Gaseous Hydrocarbon Systems ................................................................. 12-27

12B1 Thermal Conductivity of Pure Hydrocarbon Gases ................................................................ 12-27
Procedure 12B1.1 Thermal Conductivity of Pure Hydrocarbon Gases at Low Pressure .... 12-27
Procedure 12B1.2 Thermal Conductivity of Pure Hydrocarbon Gases at Low Pressures,
Generalized Method .............................................................................. 12-30
12B2 Thermal Conductivities of Defined Mixtures of Hydrocarbon Gases .................................... 12-32
Procedure 12B2.1 Thermal Conductivities of Defined Mixtures of Hydrocarbon Gases ... 12-32
12B3 Thermal Conductivity of Undefined Mixtures of Hydrocarbons Gases ................................. 12-36
Procedure 12B3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Petroleum Fraction Vapors at Low Pressures 12-36
12B4 Effect of Pressure on Gaseous Hydrocarbons Thermal Conductivities ................................. 12-38
Procedure 12B4.1 Thermal Conductivity of Pure Hydrocarbon Gases at High Pressures .. 12-38

12C Thermal Conductivity of Nonhydrocarbons ....................................................................................... 12-42

12C1 Thermal Conductivity of Nonhydrocarbons ............................................................................ 12-42
Procedure 12C1.1 Thermal Conductivity of Selected Nonhydrocarbons ........................... 12-42
Table 12C1.2 Constants for Equation (12C1.1-1) ........................................................ 12-45
Figure 12C1.3 Thermal Conductivity of Nitrogen ........................................................ 12-46
Figure 12C1.4 Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Monoxide ......................................... 12-47
Figure 12C1.5 Thermal Conductivity of Oxygen.......................................................... 12-48
Figure 12C1.6 Thermal Conductivity of Hydrogen ...................................................... 12-49
Figure 12C1.7 Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Dioxide ............................................. 12-50
Figure 12C1.8 Thermal Conductivity of Sulfur Dioxide (Low Range) ........................ 12-51
Figure 12C1.9 Thermal Conductivity of Sulfur Dioxide Gas (High Range)................. 12-52

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Figure 12C1.10 Thermal Conductivity of Ammonia ...................................................... 12-53
Figure 12C1.11 Thermal Conductivity of Water ............................................................ 12-54
Figure 12C1.12 Thermal Conductivity of Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Trioxide ......... 12-55

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................... 12-57

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Preface
Chapter 12 – Thermal Conductivity
(2006)

The Technical Data Book - Petroleum Refining project staff in the Department of Chemical Engineering at The
Pennsylvania State University has revised and expanded Chapter 12, "Thermal Conductivity," with new data and
correlations. Available methods for predicting thermal conductivities of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons and their
mixtures were tested before selecting a recommended method in each category. Detailed results of the evaluations
are given in Documentation Report No. 12-96, available from Global Engineering Documents.
Work on this chapter was primarily conducted by R. Roberta Wu under the supervision of project director,
Thomas E. Daubert. The chapter coordinator for the Technical Data Committee is Costa Tsonopoulos of Exxon
Research & Engineering Co.
Chapter 12 was updated in 2006 based on the detailed review and comments of the Chapter 12 Coordinator of
the API Technical Data Committee, Howard Wilson of ConocoPhillips.

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Introduction
Chapter 12 – Thermal Conductivity
(1997)
Thermal conductivity is that physical property transfer operations. The thermal conductivity may be
which describes the ease with which heat can flow by used directly or in dimensionless numbers such as the
conduction through a quiescent solid, liquid or Prandtl, Nusselt and Graetz numbers. Unfortunately,
gaseous layer of a substance. It is defined as the some of the design correlations involving these
proportionality constant, k, in Fourier's law of heat dimensionless numbers were based on questionable
conduction, in Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft. The experimental data. The user should be aware of this
variation of thermal conductivity for different when designing for crucial service.
temperatures, pressures, chemical compositions and In this chapter, means are provided for
physical states may be viewed in a general and estimating the required thermal conductivities in the
simplified manner by considering the orderliness of liquid and gas phases for pure and mixed
the substance. For a single chemical compound, the hydrocarbons and for nonhydrocarbon gases. When
order and, hence, thermal conductivity increases in considering the use of new thermal conductivity data
the sequence: vapor, liquid, amorphous solid and versus the use of recommended correlations, vapor-
crystal. Although this is largely true for phase data obtained by a conscientious investigator
intersubstance comparisons also, there are almost always are reliable; whereas liquid data
exceptions. For instance, gaseous hydrogen has a obtained before the introduction of transient
higher thermal conductivity than does liquid benzene measurement techniques may very well be in
and water has a higher thermal conductivity than considerable error. Experimental problems with
does wood. simultaneous convective heat transfer have a much
The thermal conductivity of most liquids stronger effect on the results for liquids than on those
decreases with increasing temperature. This is for vapors.
primarily a function of density (and order); however, The various methods for determining the thermal
the velocity of sound likewise decreases with conductivity of hydrocarbons and their mixtures are
temperature for organic liquids. For some liquids, the listed in Table 12-0.1 Figures 12-0.2 and 12-0.3
velocity of sound increases with temperature. This
effect may overshadow the effect of density, resulting Liquid Systems
in a rise in conductivity with a rise in temperature.
For water, the conductivity first rises to a maximum The thermal conductivities of liquids are
and then falls with increasing temperature. independent of pressure (relative to the accuracy of
Inasmuch as a low-pressure gas is almost existing data and correlations) below approximately
completely disordered, decreasing order with 500 pounds per square inch absolute and decrease
increasing temperature is not a strong factor. The linearly as temperature increases from the freezing
thermal conductivity of such a gas is instead a strong point to the normal boiling point. This linearity is
function of viscosity and heat capacity at constant believed to continue to a reduced temperature of
volume. Accordingly, it increases with temperature approximately 0.8, where thermal conductivity
as do these two properties. begins to decrease more rapidly as the critical point is
The thermal conductivity of all nonmetallic approached (159). Data for the conductivities at the
materials increases with pressure (and order). A freezing and normal boiling points, which were
detailed treatment of various pressure regions is not selected on the basis of reliability, are given in
as simple as a mere density function might indicate. Procedure 12A1.1. A value at an intermediate
At higher pressure, anomalies appear in the temperature may be obtained by linear interpolation.
temperature function. Procedure 12A1.2 provides a general but slightly
By disturbing the order of a material, impurities less accurate method for calculating the thermal
have disproportionate effects in reducing conductivity of pure hydrocarbons below a pressure
conductivities. Accordingly, hydrocarbon liquid and of 500 pounds per square inch absolute and a reduced
gas mixtures do not usually obey simple mixing temperature of 0.8. Procedure 12A1.3 can be used to
rules. obtain the thermal conductivity of liquid
Thermal conductivities of substances are hydrocarbons at the higher reduced temperatures and
required in correlations and design methods for heat at any pressure.

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Introduction
Chapter 12 – Thermal Conductivity
(1997)
For mixtures of known composition at any correction (where necessary) should be applied
temperature and pressure, Procedure 12A2.1 includes before blending.
a mixing rule involving conductivities of the pure Thermal conductivities of other pure
components at the same conditions: Procedure nonhydrocarbon gases are obtained by Procedure
12A3.1 allows estimation of low-pressure thermal 12C1.1 through Procedure 12C1.3, Procedure
conductivities of undefined liquid hydrocarbons and 12C1.5, Fig. 12C1.6, Procedure 12C1.7, Figures
should be used only when Procedure 12A2.1 or 12C1.8 and 12C1.9, and Procedures 12C1.10 and
Procedure 12A3.2 cannot be applied. Procedure 12C1.11. The same procedures that apply to
12A3.2 calculates the low-pressure thermal hydrogen should be appropriate for these gases.
conductivities of characterized undefined liquid
hydrocarbons and gives better accuracy than Publicly Available Computer Methods for Liquid
Procedure 12A3.1. Procedure 12A3.3 allows and Vapor Thermal Conductivities
estimation of low-pressure thermal conductivities of
petroleum fractions blended with defined light The SUPERTRAPP software package developed
hydrocarbon liquid mixtures. Procedure 12A4.1 is a at and available from NIST (National Institute of
correction for obtaining high-pressure conductivities Standards and Technology) is a publicly available
from the previously obtained low-pressure values. software package for the thermophysical properties
of hydrocarbon mixtures. The method is based on
Gaseous Systems corresponding states principles and is capable of
predicting the thermal conductivity of nonpolar pure
The thermal conductivity of an ideal gas is fluids and mixtures over the temperature range up to
independent of pressure. Pure-component vapor 1800 Rankine and the pressure range of 0 – 43500
thermal conductivities can be calculated analytically psia. The available SUPERTRAPP database contains
as a function of temperature by using Procedure 201 compounds although new compounds may be
12B1.1. When required data are unavailable, added to the database. The absolute minimum
Procedure 12B1.2 should be used to estimate ideal information required is the molar mass, critical point,
gas thermal conductivity values for pure components. a normal boiling point and ideal gas heat capacities;
For mixtures of known composition, the thermal liquid density and vapor pressure data could also be
conductivities of the pure components should be added to improve the accuracy of the method. The
blended at the desired conditions as outlined in main advantage of this software is its ability to
Procedure 12B2.1. Procedure 12B3.1 provides a handle fluids over wide temperature and pressure
means of estimating the ideal gas thermal ranges in one method.
conductivity of undefined hydrocarbon mixtures. In addition NIST offers a program, Reference
Procedure 12B4.1 is a correction to be applied to the Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
ideal gas thermal conductivity estimates from the Database, REFPROP (NIST Standard Reference
earlier correlations for the effect of high pressure. Database 23) that uses the highest accuracy models
The thermal conductivity of pure gaseous available for the thermodynamic and transport
hydrogen is given in Procedure 12C1.4. For defined properties of pure fluids and their mixtures. It has a
mixtures of hydrogen with hydrocarbons, use the more limited number of fluids available but offers
given mixing rules and Procedure 12A2.1 for liquids improved predictions over the SUPERTRAPP
or Procedure 12B2.1 for gases. For mixtures of program and also has many more features including
hydrogen with petroleum fractions, use these same graphics, easy generation of tables, Excel
mixing rules, treating the entire hydrocarbon portion compatibility, additional properties and an easy-to-
as a pseudocomponent. The hydrocarbon input data use Windows graphical user interface. Additional
are available from Procedure 12A3.1 for liquids or information on NIST computer programs for fluid
Procedure 12B3.1 for vapors, and the pressure properties can be found at
http://www.nist.gov/srd/fluids.htm

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Table 12-0.1 – Thermal Conductivity of Hydrocarbons

(1997)

Hydrocarbons Pressure(psia) Temperature* Method Notes

Pure Liquids <500 Tf to Tb Procedure 12A1.1 -

<500 0.25<Tr<0.8 Procedure 12A1.2 Use only when Procedure

12A1.1 inapplicable

<500 0.8<Tr<1.0 Procedure 12A1.3 -

≥500 Tr<1.0 Procedure 12A4.1 Input from Procedure 12A1.1

or 12A1.2

Known Liquid All All Procedure 12A2.1 Input from methods above, not
Mixtures Procedure 12A3.1

Liquid Petroleum All –58 to 752 °F Procedure 12A3.1 Use only noncharacterized
Fractions fractions. For pressures
greater than 500 psia,
apply Procedure 12A4.1
to correct the pressure

All –58 to 752 °F Procedure 12A3.2 Use only for characterized

fractions. For pressure
greater than 500 psia
apply procedure 12A4.1
to correct the pressure

Liquid Petroleum All –58 to 752 °F Procedure 12A3.3 For pressure greater than
Fraction Blended 500 psia, apply procedure
With Light Liquid 12A4.1 to correct
Hydrocarbon Mixture the pressure

Pure Gases ≤50 as shown Procedure 12B1.1 -

≤50 All Procedure 12B1.2 Use only when Procedure
12B1.1 does not apply

>50 All Procedure 12B4.1 Input from above

Known Gas Mixtures All All Procedure 12B2.1 For pressure greater than
50 psia, apply procedure
12B4.1 to correct the
pressure

Petroleum All –60 to 600 °F Procedure 12B3.1 For pressures greater than
Fraction Vapors 50 psia, apply procedure
12B4.1 to correct the
pressure

*Tf = freezing point; Tb= normal boiling point; T r = reduced temperature (T/Tc); T= temperature; and
Tc= critical temperature.

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Figure 12-0.2 – Liquid Hydrocarbon Thermal Conductivity Calculational Procedures
(1997)

FIGURE 12-0.2 Liquid Hydrocarbon Thermal Conductivity Calculational Procedures

Yes Procedure
12A1.3
> Tb ?

Procedure
Yes 12A1.1 or
Procedure
12A1.2

Yes
Procedure
< 500 psia ?
12A4.1

No

Repeat for each component

pure
component?
Yes Procedure
12A1.3

Procedure
12A1.1 or
> Tb ? Procedure
Yes
12A1.2 Procedure
12A2.1
No
No
< 500 psia?

Yes
Liquid No

defined
Procedure 12A4.1
components?

No Yes
Procedure 12A3.3

blended with light

hydrocarbons?
Start
Yes
Procedure 12A3.2
Yes

characterized? < 500 psia?

No

Vapor
Vapor
No
Fig. 12A3.1
No
Procedure 12A4.1

See FIGURE 12-0.3

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BO O K– 9th Edition

Figure 12-0.3 - Gaseous Hydrocarbon Thermal Conductivity Calculational Procedures

(1997)

See Figure 12-0.2

liquid

Fig. 12B1.1, Fig. 12B1.2,

Fig. 12B1.3 Yes
< 50 psia ?
Start Procedure 12B1.4, or
Procedure 12B1.5

Procedure 12B4.1
No

Yes
Repeat for each component

vapor Yes

Fig. 12B1.1, Fig. 12B1.2,

Fig. 12B1.3
< 50 psia ? Procedure 12B2.1
Procedure 12B1.4, or
Procedure 12B1.5

pure No

Yes
Procedure 12B4.1

No

defined
components
Yes
Procedure 12B3.1

< 50 psia ?

No

Procedure 12B3.1 Procedure 12B4.1

No

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Computer Methods
Chapter 12 – Thermal Conductivity
(2005)

Program Procedure Description

Flash/Mixture 12A2.1 Thermal Conductivity of Uncharacterized Liquid
Calculations Petroleum Fractions at Low Pressures
Petro Fraction 12A3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Uncharacterized Liquid
Properties Petroleum Fractions at Low Pressures
Petro Fraction 12A3.2 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Petroleum Fractions
Properties at Low Pressures
Flash/Mixture 12A3.3 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Petroleum Fraction
Calculations Blended with Defined Light Hydrocarbon Liquid
Mixtures
Pure Component 12A4.1 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbons at
Properties High Pressures
Pure Component 12B1.1 Thermal Conductivity of Pure Hydrocarbon Gases at
Properties Low Pressures
Flash/Mixture 12B2.1 Thermal Conductivity of Defined Mixtures of
Calculations Hydrocarbon Gases
Petro Fraction 12B3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Petroleum Fraction Vapors
Properties at Low Pressures

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

12A Thermal Conductivity of Pure Liquid Hydrocarbon Systems

12A1 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbon Systems

Procedure 12A1.1 – Thermal Conductivity of Pure Liquid Hydrocarbons at Low Pressures and
Below the Normal Boiling Point
(1997)

Discussion
The thermal conductivities of liquid hydrocarbons decrease linearly with increasing temperature from the
freezing point to the normal boiling point and, in some cases, beyond. Where the data are known at these two
extremes, the thermal conductivity can be calculated by linear interpolation. The available data are tabulated below:
Thermal Thermal
Conductivity Normal Conductivity
Freezing at Freezing Boiling at Normal
Pointa Pointb Pointc Boiling Pointd

Methane .................................. –296.42 0.1298 –258.68 0.1088

Propane ................................... –305.82 0.1231 –43.67 0.07448
n-Butane .................................. –216.92 0.1080 31.10 0.06796
2-Methylpropane ...................... –255.30 0.09427 10.90 0.06298
n-Pentane ................................. –201.51 0.1030 96.93 0.06274

n-Hexane.................................. –139.58 0.09375 155.71 0.06022

2-Methylpentane ...................... –244.48 0.09243 140.47 0.05775
3-Methylpentane ...................... –261.22 0.09507 145.89 0.05837
2,2-Dimethylbutane .................. –145.97 0.07773 121.51 0.05486
2,3-Dimethylbutane .................. –198.33 0.08214 136.36 0.05595

n-Heptane ................................. –131.04 0.09235 209.17 0.05923

2,4-dimethylpentane ................. –182.63 0.07807 176.89 0.05190
n-Octane .................................. –70.19 0.08780 258.22 0.05669
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane ............ –161.27 0.07420 210.63 0.04709
n-Nonane .................................. –64.28 0.08734 303.48 0.05614

2,2,5-Trimethylhexane ............. –158.37 0.07403 255.36 0.04749

n-Decane .................................. –21.35 0.08411 345.48 0.05464
n-Undecane .............................. –14.04 0.08438 384.67 0.05372
n-Dodecane .............................. 14.75 0.08293 421.38 0.05254
n-Tridecane .............................. 22.30 0.08324 455.84 0.05174

n-Tetradecane ........................... 42.55 0.08219 488.44 0.05096

n-Pentadecane .......................... 49.86 0.08355 519.23 0.05051
n-Hexadecane ........................... 64.68 0.08308 548.36 0.04902
n-Heptadecane.......................... 71.57 0.08322 575.87 0.04733
n-Octadecane............................ 82.69 0.08435 602.08 0.04677

n-Nonadecane........................... 89.40 0.08395 625.82 0.04604

n-Eicosane................................ 97.57 0.08598 650.80 0.04629
n-Heneicosane .......................... 104.36 0.08658 673.70 0.04616
n-Docosane .............................. 111.20 0.08740 695.48 0.04674
n-Tricosane .............................. 117.50 0.08756 716.36 0.04684

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Procedure 12A1.1 (Continued)
(1997)
Thermal Thermal
Conductivity Normal Conductivity
Freezing at Freezing Boiling at Normal
Pointa Pointb Pointc Boiling Pointd

n-Tetracosane .................................. 123.08 0.08840 736.34 0.04731

Cyclopentane ..................................–136.91 0.09153 120.65 0.06922
Methylcyclopentane ....................... –224.36 0.09272 161.26 0.06185
Cyclohexane ........................................ 43.77 0.07407 177.30 0.06332
Methylcyclohexane ......................... –195.83 0.08372 213.68 0.05402

2-Methylpropene .............................. –220.61 0.1083 19.58 0.06773

1-Hexene .......................................... –219.57 0.1024 146.26 0.06205
trans-2-Hexene ................................. –207.36 0.09564 154.17 0.06357
1-Heptene ......................................... –181.98 0.09644 200.55 0.06029
trans-2-Heptene................................ –165.06 0.09322 208.31 0.06156

trans-3-Heptene................................ –213.93 0.09684 204.21 0.06159

1-Octene ........................................... –151.06 0.08981 250.32 0.06066
trans-2-Octene.................................. –125.86 0.09081 257.00 0.06022
1-Nonene .......................................... –114.47 0.09052 296.36 0.05333
1-Decene…...........................................–87.27 0.08830 339.08 0.05554

Cyclohexene ..................................... –154.26 0.09548 181.35 0.06740

2-Methyl-l,3-butadiene..................... –220.00e 0.1049f 93.30 0.06817
Benzene ............................................ 41.95 0.08631 176.16 0.07313
Toluene ............................................. –138.95 0.09336 231.13 0.06452
Ethylbenzene .................................... –138.91 0.09106 277.16 0.05921

1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene)..... –13.31 0.08263 291.97 0.06009

1,3-Dimethylbenzene (m-Xylene).... –54.13 0.08525 282.42 0.05979
1,4-Dimethylbenzene (p-Xylene)..... . 55.87 0.07664 281.05 0.05958
n-Propylbenzene ............................... –147.28 0.08827 318.63 0.05856
Isopropylbenzene ............................. –140.82 0.08588 284.00g 0.05736h

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene ................... –46.88 0.08322 336.88 0.05726

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene ................... –48.51 0.08703 328.53 0.06028
n-Butylbenzene................................. –126.13 0.08672 361.95 0.05530
tert-Butylbenzene ............................. –72.18 0.07534 336.47 0.05534
Biphenyl ........................................... 156.60 0.08021 491.00 0.06393

o-Terphenyl ...................................... 133.16 0.07687 639.50 0.05927

m-Terphenyl ..................................... 188.33 0.07814 710.33 0.06650
p-Terphenyl ...................................... 413.33 0.07480 708.80 0.06256
a
Tf, deg F.
b
kf, Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.
c
Tb, deg F.
d
kb, Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.
e
T, lower limit of the temperature range, deg F.
f
k, thermal conductivity at the lower limit of the temperature range, Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.
g
T, upper limit of the temperature range, deg F.
h
k, thermal conductivity at the upper limit of the temperature range, Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Procedure
Step 1: From the preceding tabulation, obtain the thermal conductivities of the compound at the freezing
point and the normal boiling point.
Step 2: calculate the thermal conductivity of the liquid by linearly interpolating between these values.

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 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12A1.1
(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12A1.1 is presented to calculate the thermal conductivities of pure liquid hydrocarbons at pressures
lower than 500 pounds per square inch absolute from available experimental data. For higher pressures, the
correction in Procedure 12A4.l should be applied. This procedure is not applicable above the normal boiling point,
where Procedure 12A1.3 should be used. Within its range of applicability, this procedure is somewhat more accurate
than is Procedure 12A1.2

Limitations
Within a few degrees of freezing point, the thermal conductivity rises more sharply than indicated by the simple
interpolation relationship because of clustering of the molecules in anticipation of solidification. This phenomenon
can usually be safely ignored in calculation.
Do not extrapolate the data to temperatures above the normal boiling point.

Reliability
Average deviations of values calculated by this procedure from experimental data are less than 5 percent.

Literature Sources
The entries in the tabulation were derived from data from the following sources:

Methane (13,14,86,147) Cyclohexane (43,56,107,156,167)

Propane (18,129,145,153) Methylcyclohexane (17,82,124,156)
n-Butane (18) 2-Methylpropene (43,152)
2-Methylpropane (58) 1-Hexene (18,43,110)
n-Pentane (14,15,18,122,142,154,155) trans-2-Hexene (142,155,157)
n-Hexane (9,18,56,75,82,124,142,144, 1-Heptene (18,108)
157,168) trans-2-Heptene (157)
2-Methylpentane (157) trans-3-Heptene (156)
3-Methylpentane (157) 1-Octene (109,157)
2,2-Dimethylbutane (157) trans-2-Octene (157)
2,3-Dimethylbutane (157) 1-Nonene (103)
n-Heptane (9,10,18,56,82,105,120, 1-Decene (103)
124,139,142,155,157) Cyclohexene (43,142,155,156)
2,4-Dimethylpentane (156) 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene (18)
n-Octane (18,19,56,116,120,124,142, Benzene (17,27,48,56,77,92,120,131,140,
144,157,168) 159,167,175)
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (19,92,124,142, Toluene (10,18,38,41,45,47,53,
155,157) 83,105,118,120,124,131,132,133,
n-Nonane (18,19,45,141,142,144,157) 136,140,171,175,185)
2,2,5-Trimethylhexane (124,157) Ethylbenzene (56,136,140)
n-Decane (9,17,18,25,45,56,82,114, 1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene) (8,45,56,
116,157,168) 124,136,140,171)
n-Dodecane (56,156,168) 1,3-Dimethylbenzene (m-Xylene) (8,56,136,
n-Tridecane (101) 142,155,171)
n-Tetradecane (15,19,102,156,180) 1,4-Dimethylbenzene (p-Xylene) (3,8,56,
n-Pentadecane (15,98,180) 120,136,142,155,171)
n-Hexadecane (15,98,156,180) n-Propylbenzene (46)
n-Heptadecane (100,111,134) lsopropylbenzene (46,56,88,142,155,156)
n-Octadecane (100,111,134,156) 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (135)
n-Nonadecane (98,100,115) 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (135,140)
n-Eicosane (138) n-Butylbenzene (136,156)
Heneicosane (138) tert-Butylbenzene (135)
Docosane (98,138) Biphenyl (47,184)
Tricosane (138) o-Terphenyl (48)

12 - 10 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12A1.1 (Continued)
(1997)

Tetracosane (98,138) m-Terphenyl (48)

Cyclopentane (43,124,156) p-Terphenyl (48)
Methylcyclopentane (17,142,154,156)

Example

Find the thermal conductivity of n-hexane at 68 °F and atmospheric pressure.

From the preceding tabulation, kf = 0.09375 at Tf = –139.58 °F and kb = 0.06022 at
Tb =155.71 °F. Interpolating linearly,

k  0.09375  
 68(139.58)  (0.09375  0.06022)

 155.71(139.58) 

k  0.09375  0.02357  0.07018 Btu per  hr  sq ft  deg F per ft

The experimental value (18) is 0.07032 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 11
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Procedure 12A1.2 – Thermal Conductivity of Pure Liquid Hydrocarbons at
Low Pressures- Generalized Method
(1997)

Discussion
The following equation is to be used to obtain the thermal conductivity of pure liquid hydrocarbons at pressures
below 500 pounds per square inch absolute and at reduced temperatures between 0.25 and 0.80:

 
 2/3 
CM n  3  20(1  Tr )  (12A1.2-1)
k
Vm  2/3 
 3  20 1  527.67  
  Tc  

Where:
k = thermal conductivity in Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.
C = coefficient obtained from the tabulation below.
n = coefficient obtained from the tabulation below.
M = molecular weight
Vm = molar volume at 68 °F in cubic feet per lb-mole.
Tr = reduced temperature T/Tc.
T = temperature in degrees Rankine.
Tc = critical temperature in degrees Rankine.

n C

For unbranched, straight chain hydrocarbons: 1.001 1.676×10–3

For branched and cyclic hydrocarbons: 0.7717 4.079×10–3

Procedure
Step 1: Obtain the critical temperature, T c, and the molecular weight from the Pure Component Properties
program.
Step 2: Calculate the reduced temperature (T r = T/Tc).
Step 3: Determine the coefficients n and C from the preceding tabulation.
Step 4: Determine the density of the hydrocarbon at 68 °F according to the methods in Chapter 6.
Step 5: Determine the molar volume at 68 °F by dividing the molecular weight by the density of the
hydrocarbon.
Step 6: Calculate the thermal conductivity by using equation (12A1.2-1).

12 - 12 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12A1.2
(1997)

Purpose
When Procedure 12A1.1 is applicable, it should be used. Procedure 12A1.2 is presented to calculate the thermal
conductivity of pure liquid hydrocarbons as a function of temperature at pressures less than 500 pounds per square
inch absolute. For higher pressures, apply the correction outlined in Procedure 12A4.1
.
Limitations
Equation (12A1.2-1) is not accurate for pressures greater than 500 pounds per square inch absolute or at
reduced temperatures less than 0.25 or greater than 0.80. At reduced temperatures greater than 0.80, procedure
12A1.3 should be used.

Reliability
The equation yields data with an average error of 5 percent and a maximum error of 20 percent from
experimental values.

Literature Sources
This procedure is based on methods presented by Pachaiyappan, Ibrahim and Kuloor, Chem. Eng. 74[4] 140
(1967) and Riedel, Chem. -Ingr.-Tech. 21 349 (1949).

Example
Calculate the thermal conductivity of liquid n-butylbenzene at 140 °F and 1 atm.
From the Pure Component Properties program the molecular weight is 134.22 and the critical temperature is
729.23°F. The reduced temperature is therefore 140  459.67  0.5044 . For n-butylbenzene the coefficients n
729.23  459.67
and C from the tabulation are 0.7717 and 4.079 × 10⁻3, respectively. From Chapter 6, the density at 68 °F is 53.76 lb
per cu ft. The molar volume at 68 °F is therefore 134.22/53.76=2.497 cu ft per lb-mole.

The thermal conductivity is calculated next from equation (12A1.2-1):

 
 
 (4.079 3
 10 )(134.22)
0.7717
 3  20(1  0.5044)
2/3

k   2/3
 2.497   527.67  
 3  20 1   
  729.23  459.67  

k = 0.06730 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft

The experimental value (136) at these conditions is 0.06830 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 13
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Procedure 12A1.3 – Thermal Conductivity of Pure Liquid Hydrocarbons
above the Normal Boiling Point and at All Pressures
(1997)

Discussion
The thermal conductivities of liquid hydrocarbons at temperatures greater than the normal boiling point
and at any pressure are to be obtained from the following equations:

6 2 3
1.884  10 Pr  1.442  10 Pr   exp(   r )
k (12A1.3-1)


Where:

3
7.137  10
 3.322
(12A1.3-2)


0.986 (12A1.3-3)
  0.40 
exp  0.58 

1/6 1/2
Tc M
 2/3
(12A1.3-4)
( Pc / 14.696)

k = thermal conductivity, in Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.
ρr = reduced density, ρ/ρc = ρVc.
ρ = density, in pounds per cubic foot.
ρc = critical density, in pounds per cubic foot.
Vc = critical volume, in cubic feet per pound.
Tc = critical temperature, in degrees Rankine.
M = molecular weight.
Pr = reduced pressure, P/Pc.
Pc = critical pressure, in psia.
P = pressure, in psia.

Procedure
Step 1: Obtain the critical temperature, critical pressure, critical volume, and molecular weight from
the Pure Component Properties program.
Step 2: Calculate the reduced pressure, Pr = P/Pc.
Step 3: Determine λ from equation (12A1.3-4).
Step 4: Determine the density of the hydrocarbon according to the methods of Chapter 6 and obtain the
reduced density, ρr = ρVc
Step 5: Calculate β by using equation (12A1.3-3) and α by using equation (12A1.3-2).
Step 6: Calculate the thermal conductivity by using equation (12A1.3-1).

12 - 14 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12A1.3
(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12A1.3 is presented to calculate the thermal conductivity of pure liquid hydrocarbons above the
normal boiling point and at any pressure.

Limitations
At temperatures below the normal boiling point, Procedure 12A1.1 or 12A1.2 should be used with a pressure
correction obtained from Procedure 12A4.1 if required.

Reliability
Average errors of 8 percent can be expected, with maximum errors of -32 percent.

Literature Source
The procedure is adapted from Kanitkar and Thodos, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 47 427 (1969).

Example
Calculate the thermal conductivity of liquid n-heptane at 320 °F and 197.4 atm.
From the Pure Component Properties program, the critical temperature is 512.69 °F, the critical pressure is
397.41 psia, the critical volume is 0.0684 cu ft per lb, and the molecular weight is 100.2. The reduced pressure is
197.4/ (397.41/14.696) = 7.30, and from equation (12A1.3-4):

1/6 1/2
(512.69  459.67) (100.2)
 2/3
(397.41 / 14.696)
  3.497

From Chapter 6, the density is determined to be 37.93 lb per cu ft, and the reduced density is therefore
(37.93)(0.0684) = 2.594. By using equations (12A1.3-3) and (12A1.3-2), the values of β and α are calculated as
follows:
0.986
  0.40 
exp  0.58  3.497  
  0.5297
7.137 103

 0.5297 
3.322

  0.05892
The thermal conductivity is then calculated by using equation (12A1.3-1):

6 2 3
(  1.884  10 )(7.30) +(1.442  10 )(7.30)+0.05892 exp[(0.5297)(2.594)]
k
3.497

k = 0.06956 Btu per (hr) (sq ft ) (deq F) per ft

The experimental value (106) at these conditions is 0.06379 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 15
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

12A2 Thermal Conductivity of Defined Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixtures

Procedure 12A2.1 – Thermal Conductivity of Defined Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixtures

(1997)

Discussion
The thermal conductivity of a mixture of known composition can be calculated by using the following
equations when the conductivities of pure components are given:

km    i  j kij (12A2.1-1)
i j

1
1 1 
kij  2    (12A2.1-2)
k k 
 i j 

Where kij = kji and kii = ki

xiVi
Φi  (12A2.1-3)
 x jVj
j

 Φi  1 (12A2.1-4)
i

Where:
km = thermal conductivity of the mixture, Btu per (hr)(sq ft) deg F) per ft.
Φi, Φj = volume fractions of pure component i and j.
ki, kj = thermal conductivities of pure components i and j, in Btu per (hr)(sq ft) (deg F) per ft.
Vi, Vj = molar volumes of pure components i and j, in cu ft per lb-mole.
xi, xj = mole fractions of pure components i and j.

For binary mixtures equation (12A2.1-1) becomes:

2 2
k m  Φi k i  2Φi Φ jk ij  Φ j k j (12A2.1-5)

Procedure
Step 1: From Chap. 1, determine the molecular weight of each component of the mixture, and from
Procedure 12A1.1 or 12A1.2, determine the thermal conductivity of each component at the
conditions desired for the mixture.
Step 2: From Chap. 6, determine the density of each component of mixture.
Step 3: Calculate the molar volume of each component as the molecular weight divided by the density.
Step 4: Calculate kij by using equation (12A2.1-2).
Step 5: Calculate the volume fraction of each component of the mixture by using equation (12A2.1-3) and
check to determine that sum of all the pure component volume fractions total 1, according to
equation (12A2.1-4).
Step 6: Calculate the thermal conductivity of the mixture by using equation (12A2.1-1).

12 - 16 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12A2.1
(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12A2.1 is presented for calculating the thermal conductivity of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of
known composition at any temperature and pressure from the pure-component data under the same conditions.

Reliability
Average deviations of values calculated by this procedure from experimental data are approximately 5 percent.
Errors will rarely exceed 15 percent for hydrocarbon systems for which reliable pure-component input
conductivities are available.

Special Comments
Procedures 12A1.1 and 12A1.2 should be used to obtain the pure-component input data for this procedure. For
high pressures, the correction outlined in Procedure 12A4.1 must be applied. To get pure-component conductivities
near the critical point, use Procedure 12A1.3.
Although not recommended when the mixture composition is known, Procedure 12A3.1 may be used for fast
but less accurate estimates of mixture thermal conductivities. Procedure 12A3.1 is the only method available to be
used for a liquid mixture containing a component that is above its critical temperature.

Literature Source
The procedure is adapted from Li, AIChE Journal 22 927 (1976).
.
Example
Calculate the thermal conductivity of a 68-mole percent n-heptane-32-mole percent cyclopentane (i-j) mixture
at 32 °F and 1 atm. The experimental thermal conductivities of n-heptane and cyclopentane at these conditions (124)
are 0.07639 and 0.08130 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft, respectively.
From the Pure Component Properties program, the molecular weights are 100.2 for n-heptane and 70.13 for
cyclopentane. The density of n-heptane at these conditions is 43.85 lb per cu ft, and the density of cyclopentane is
47.60 lb per cu ft according to the methods of chapter 6. The molar volumes are determined to be (100.2/ 43.85)
=2.285 cu ft per lb-mole for n-heptane and (70.13/47.60)=1.473 cu ft per lb-mol for cyclopentane. From equation
(12A2.1-2), the value of kij is calculated as follows:
1
 1 1 
k ij  2   
 0.07639 0.08130 

kij = 0.07877 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft

The volume fractions of the pure components are determined by using equation (12A2.1-3):

n-heptane: i 
 0.68 2.285  0.7672
 0.68 2.285  0.32)(1.473
(0.32)(1.473)
cyclopentane:  j  = 0.2328
(0.68)(2.285)  (0.32)(1.473)

As a check, the sum of the volume fraction is (0.7672 + 0.2328) = 1.0, as required by equation (12A2.1-4).
The thermal conductivity of the mixture is calculated by using equation (12A2.1-5):

km = (0.7672)²(0.07639) + 2(0.7672)(0.2328)(0.07877) + (0.2328)²(0.08130)

km = 0.07751 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft

The experimental value (124) at these conditions is 0.07714 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 17
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

12A3 Thermal Conductivity of Undefined Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixtures

Procedure 12A3.1 – Thermal Conductivity of Uncharacterized Liquid Petroleum Fractions at Low

Pressures
(1997)

Discussion
The following equation is to be used to obtain the thermal conductivity of uncharacterized liquid petroleum
fractions at low pressures and temperatures between 0-600 degrees Fahrenheit.

5
K  0.07577  4.1  10 T (12A3.1-1)

Where:
K = thermal conductivity, in Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.
T = temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit

Procedure:
Step 1: Calculate the thermal conductivity of the fraction using equation (12A3.l –1).

12 - 18 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12A3.1
(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12A3.1 allows quick estimation of thermal conductivity at low pressure as a function of temperature
for any liquid hydrocarbon, although the procedure was developed for petroleum fractions. For pressures above 500
pounds per square inch absolute, correct the value from this procedure by using Procedure 12A4.1.

Limitations
This procedure is an oversimplification, inasmuch as molecular type and weight have not been correlated.
Accordingly, Procedure 12A2.1 should be used in preference for mixtures for which the composition is known.

Reliability
Average errors of 10 percent can be expected from Procedure 12A3.1, with maximum errors of 40 percent.

Literature Sources
This Procedure is the best representative of data from the following sources: 11, 16, 41, 43, 51, 57, 65, 80, 127,
128, 130, 141, 170, and 174.

Example
Calculate the thermal conductivity at atmospheric pressure of a liquid petroleum fraction at a temperature of
550.6 °F.
The thermal conductivity is calculated from equation (12A3. l -1)

k = 0.07577 – (4.1×10–5 ) × ( 550.6)

k = 0.05320 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 19
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Procedure 12A3.2 – Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Petroleum Fractions at Low Pressures
(1997)

Discussion
The following equation is to be used to obtain the thermal conductivity of characterized liquid petroleum
fractions at low pressures.

k = MeABP(0.2904)×(9.961×10–3 – 5.364×10–6×T) (12A3.2-1)

Where:
k = thermal conductivity, in Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.
MeABP = mean average boiling point, in degrees Rankine.
T = temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit.

Procedure
Step1: Calculate the thermal conductivity of the fraction by using equation (12A3.2-1).

12 - 20 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12A3.2
(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12A3.2 is presented to calculate the thermal conductivity of characterized liquid petroleum fractions
at any temperature and low pressure.

Reliability
Average deviation of values calculated by this procedure from experimental data are approximately 6 percent,
maximum deviations are 24 percent.

Special Comments
This procedure only applies to liquid petroleum fractions that are fully characterized, if the mean average
boiling point is not known, it could be estimated by any two of the following characterization properties: Watson
characterization factor K, aniline point, carbon-to-hydrogen weight ratio, molecular weight by using Procedure
2B6.1 of Chapter 2.

This procedure is applicable in the MeABP range of 147 F to 1085 F.

For mixtures that are not characterized at all, Procedure 12A3.1 should be used.
For high pressures, the correction outlined in Procedure 12A4.1 must be applied.

Literature Source
This procedure was developed at The Pennsylvania State University.

Example
Calculate the thermal conductivity of a liquid petroleum fraction with mean average boiling point of 646.74 °R
at a temperature of 71.87 °F.

The thermal conductivity is calculated from equation (12A3.2-1):

k = (646.74)0.2904 (9.961×10–3 – (5.364×10–6) (71.87))

k = 0.06272 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft

The experimental value (127) at these conditions is 0.06402 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 21
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Procedure 12A3.3 – Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Petroleum Fractions
Blended with Defined Light Hydrocarbon Liquid Mixtures
(1997)

Discussion
This procedure is used for the calculation of the thermal conductivity of a liquid petroleum fraction blended with
a light hydrocarbon liquid mixture. Use equation (12A3.1-1) or equation (12A3.2-1) to obtain the thermal
conductivity of the liquid petroleum fraction. Use Procedure 12A2.1 to obtain the thermal conductivity of the light
hydrocarbon liquid mixtures. Then treat the light hydrocarbon liquid mixtures and the petroleum fractions as
pseudocomponents, using Procedure 12A2.1 to calculate the thermal conductivity of the whole blend.

Procedure
Step 1: Obtain the thermal conductivity of the liquid petroleum fraction by using equation (12A3.1-1) or
Equation (12A3.2-1).
Step 2: Obtain the thermal conductivity of the defined light hydrocarbon liquid mixture by using Procedure
12A2.1 steps 1 through 6.
Step 3: Consider the liquid petroleum fraction and the light hydrocarbon liquid mixtures as
pseudocomponents, and obtain the thermal conductivity of the blend by using Procedure 12A2.1
steps 1 through 6.

12 - 22 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12A3.3
(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12A3.3 is presented to calculate the thermal conductivity of liquid petroleum fractions blended with
defined light hydrocarbon liquid mixtures.
Example
Calculate the thermal conductivity of a mixture containing 60-mole percent liquid petroleum
fraction with a mean average boiling point of 646.74 °R and a specific gravity of 0.698 blended with
15-mole percent n-pentane(1), 10-mole percent n-hexane(2), and 15 mole percent benzene(3) at 60 °F and 1 atm.
The molecular weight of the petroleum fraction is 94.257 as calculated from Chapter 2, the density
is calculated as (0.698)(62.27) = 43.46 lb per ft 3. Therefore, the molar volume is (43.46)–1(94.257) = 2.1688 ft3 per
lb-mol.
The thermal conductivity of the petroleum fraction is calculated from equation (12A3.1-1):

k = 0.07577 – 4.1×10–5 (60.0)

k = 0.07331 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per (ft)

The thermal conductivity of the defined light hydrocarbon liquid mixture (the molar fractions are normalized as
37.5 mole percent n-pentane, 25.0 mole percent n-hexane, and 37.5 mole percent benzene in order to treat the
defined mixture as a pseudocomponent) is calculated from Procedure 12A2.1. From Procedure 12A1.1, the liquid
thermal conductivities of n-pentane, n-hexane and benzene are 0.06772, 0.07109 and 0.08454 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg
F) per ft, respectively, at the specified conditions. From Procedure 6A2.13 and Procedure 6A3.1 of Chapter 6, the
molar volumes are determined to be 1.831 ft3/lb-mol for n-pentane, 2.066 ft3/lbmole, for n-hexane, 1.418 ft3/lb-mole,
for benzene and 1.7346 ft3/lb-mole for the mixture. From equation (12A2.1-2), the values of kij is calculated as
follows:

1
 1 1 
k12  2     0.06936
 0.06772 0.07109 
1
 1 1 
k13  2     0.07520
 0.06772 0.08454 
1
 1 1 
k23  2     0.07723
 0.07109 0.08454 

The volume fractions of the pure components are determined by using equation (12A2.1-3):

n-pentane: θ1 
 0.3751.831  0.3958
 0.3751.831   0.25 2.066   0.3751.418

n-hexane: θ2 
 0.25 2.066  0.2977
 0.3751.831   0.25 2.066    0.3751.418

benzene: θ3 
 0.3751.418  0.3065
 0.3751.831   0.25 2.066    0.3751.418

© 2006, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 23
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Comments on Procedure 12A3.3 (Continued)

(1997)

The thermal conductivity of the mixture is calculated by using equation (12A2.1-1):

k m   θi θ j kij  θ12 k1  θ22 k2  θ32 k3  2θ1θ2 k12  2θ1θ3k13  2θ2θ3k23

k m   0..958  0.06772    0.2977   0.07109    0.3065   0.08454   2  0.3958 0.2977  0.06936 

2 2 2

2  0.3958 0.3065  0.07520   2  0.2977  0.3065  0.07723 

k m  0.07354 Btu per  hr sq ft  deg F per  ft 

The petroleum fraction (i) and the defined hydrocarbon liquid mixture (j) are treated as two pseudocomponents,
and Procedure 12A2.1 is applied again to calculate the thermal conductivity of the blend. From equation (12A2.1-2),
the value of kij is calculated as follows:
1
 1 1 
kij  2     0.07342
 0.07331 0.07354 
The volume fractions of the pseudocomponents are determined by using equation (12A2.1-3):
liquid petroleum fraction: θi 
 0.6  2.1688  0.6522
 0.6  2.1688   0.4 1.7346 
defined hydrocarbon liquid mixture: θ j 
 0.4 1.7346   0.3478
 0.6  2.1688   0.4 1.7346 
The thermal conductivity of the blend is calculated by using equation (12A2.1-5):
k m   0.6522  0.07331  2  0.6522 0.3478 0.07342   0.3478  0.07354
2 2

k m  0.07339 Btu per  hr  sq ft  deg F per  ft 

12 - 24 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

12A4 Effect of Pressure on Liquid Hydrocarbon Thermal Conductivities

Procedure 12A4.1 – Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbons at High Pressures

(1997)

Discussion
The following equations are to be used to obtain thermal conductivity for liquid hydrocarbons in the reduced
temperature range 0.4 to 0.8 and pressures greater than 500 pounds per square inch absolute:

C 
k 2  k1  2  (12A4.1-1)
 C1 
2.065Tr2
C  17.77  0.065Pr  7.764Tr  (12A4.1-2)
exp(0.2 Pr )
Where:

k2 = thermal conductivity at the desired temperature and pressure in Btu per (hr)(sq ft) (deg F)
per ft.
k1 = thermal conductivity at the same temperature and lower pressure (usually atmospheric) in
Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.
C1,C2 = conductivity factors calculated from equation (12A4.1-2) corresponding to the reduced
conditions applicable to k1, and k2, respectively.
Pr = reduced pressure P/Pc
P = pressure in pounds per square inch absolute
Pc = critical pressure in pounds per square inch absolute
Tr = reduced temperature T/Tc
T = temperature in degrees Rankine
Tc = critical temperature in degrees Rankine

Procedure
Step1: From the Pure Component Properties program determine the critical temperature and critical
pressure and calculate the reduced temperature and reduced pressure.
Step 2: If the reduced temperature falls within the range 0.4 to 0.8 then calculate Cl and C2 from equation
(12A4.1-2).
Step 3: Determine the value for the thermal conductivity of the liquid at the same temperature and lower
pressure.
Step 4: Calculate k2 from equation (12A4.1-1)

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 25
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12A4.1
(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12A4.1 is presented for estimating the effect of pressure on the thermal conductivities of liquid
hydrocarbons when the pressure is greater than 500 pounds per square inch absolute.

Reliability
The average error in the pressure correction alone is approximately 5 percent, with a maximum error of 25
percent. The final thermal conductivity, k2, also is subject to error from the input value, k1.

Literature Source
The procedure was adapted from Lenoir, Petroleum Refiner 36 [8] 162 (1957).

Example
Calculate the thermal conductivity of liquid toluene at 87.5 °F and 22,044 psia. From the Pure Component
Properties program, the critical temperature is 1065.15 °R and the critical pressure is 595.82 psia. A literature value
(53) for the thermal conductivity of the liquid at 87.5 F and 14.696 psia is k = 0.07425 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per
87.5  459.67
ft. For this condition the reduced temperature is  0.5137 and the reduced pressure
1065.15
14.696
Pr   0.0247. The reduced temperature falls within the range .4 to .8. Using equation (12A4.1-2) the
1
595.82
conductivity factor:
2
2.065  0.5137
C1  17.77  0.065  0.0247  7.764  0.5137   13.2409.
exp(0.2  0.0247)
For the evaluated pressure condition, the reduced temperature is also 0.5137 and the reduced pressure, Pr 2 is
22044
 36.998. Using equation (12A4.1-2) the conductivity factor:
595.82
2
2.065  0.5137
C2  17.77  0.065  36.998  7.764  .5137   16.1862.
exp(0.2  36.998)

(0.07425)  (16.1862)
By using equation (12A4.1-1), k2 = k1 (C2/C1) =  0.09077 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.
13.2409

An experimental value (53) is 0.09435 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.

12 - 26 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

12B Thermal Conductivity of Gaseous Hydrocarbon Systems

12B1 Thermal Conductivity of Pure Hydrocarbon Gases

Procedure 12B1.1 – Thermal Conductivity of Pure Hydrocarbon Gases at Low Pressures

(1997)

Discussion
The following equation is recommended for predicting the thermal conductivity of pure hydrocarbon gases at
pressures below 50 pounds per square inch absolute:

k =A + BT + CT2 (12B1.1-1)

Where:
k = thermal conductivity, in Btu per (hr (sq ft)(deg F) per ft.
T = temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit.
A, B, C = derived coefficients

The values of the coefficients A, B, and C are tabulated below for a number of compounds. The temperature
range of the data with which the coefficients were derived also is given.
Temperature
A×103 B×105 C×108 Range (deg F)

Methane 16.77 4.358 1.335 –285 to 980

Ethane 8.74 4.343 1.364 32 to 850
Propane 7.54 3.362 1.971 –40 to 1000
n-Butane 6.91 2.809 2.841 32 to 340
n-Pentane 6.76 2.337 2.778 32 to 340

n-Hexane 6.42 2.214 2.180 32 to 770

n-Heptane 4.95 2.444 1.685 220 to 790
n-Octane 3.59 2.710 1.175 290 to 750
n-Nonane 3.60 2.453 1.237 350 to 760
n-Decane 0.72 3.200 0.470 350 to 760

n-Undecane 1.77 2.461 1.111 390 to 750

n-Dodecane –0.84 3.190 0.405 470 to 740
n-Tridecane 0.22 2.714 0.637 490 to 740
n-Tetradecane –4.02 3.810 –0.233 525 to 720
n-Pentadecane –4.30 3.850 –0.450 560 to 700

n-Hexadecane –6.79 4.350 –0.828 590 to 700

2-Methylpropane 7.17 2.849 3.131 32 to 212
2-Methylbutane .............. .. . .. . ... 7.92 0.774 8.393 120 to 212
Ethene 9.33 3.231 2.139 –140 to 600
Propene ................................ 7.23 3.296 1.442 70 to 700

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 27
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Procedure 12B1.1 (Continued)
(1997)

Temperature
A×103 B×105 C×108 Range (deg F)

1-Butene 7.72 1.475 6.590 70 to 212

1-Hexene 5.14 2.802 1.311 170 to 650
1-Heptene 4.13 3.049 0.693 212 to 670
1-Octene 3.79 2.904 0.606 280 to 430
Ethyne 10.98 2.531 2.038 32 to 400

Cyclopropane 8.09 1.083 7.526 120 to 300

Cyclohexane 4.50 2.414 2.572 210 to 680
Benzene 2.58 3.235 0.160 210 to 740
Toluene 0.94 4.005 0.275 300 to 730
Ethylbenzene –0.49 4.039 0.231 360 to 760

1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene) 5.16 2.964 0.095 370 to 790

1,3-Dimethylbenzene (m-Xylene) 6.96 1.520 1.880 410 to 800
1,4-Dimethylbenzene (p-Xylene) 1.64 3.418 0.241 350 to 780
n-Propylbenzene –0.42 4.276 1.266 360 to 650
Isopropylbenzene –4.64 7.580 2.036 360 to 660

Procedure
For the desired compound, obtain the appropriate coefficients from the given tabulation and use equation
(12B1.1-1) to calculate the thermal conductivity at the temperature of interest.

12 - 28 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12B1.1
(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12B1.1 is presented to calculate the thermal conductivities of pure hydrocarbon gases at pressures
below 50 pounds per square inch absolute. For higher pressures, the correction from Procedure 12B4.1 should be
applied. Within its range of applicability, this procedure is somewhat more accurate than is Procedure 12B1.2.

Limitations
This method is intended for use only within the specified temperature regions.

Reliability
Average deviations of values calculated by this procedure from experimental data are less than 5 percent.

Literature Sources
The entries in the tabulation were derived from data from the following sources:

Methane (22,28,50,55,61,62,67,69,70,72, n-Hexadecane (104,169)

74, 84, 85, 94,147,148,149,160,164, 2-Methylpropane (67,85,125)
165,176,183) 2-Methylbutane (67,125,176)
Ethane (23,31,40,62,67,69,70,71,72,155, Ethene (28,62,64,67,74,112,161,162,183)
162,179,183) Propene (67,112,113,126,161,162)
Propane (24,67,71,85,129,153,162,164, 1-Butene (126,162,177)
179,183) 1-Hexene (110, 112,113)
n-Butane (21,66,67,85,117,125,161,162, 1-Heptene (108,112,113)
164,177) 1-Octene (112,113)
n-Pentane (20,67,85,164) Ethyne (99,184)
n-Hexane (31,67,68,85,87,178,179) Cyclopropane (67,126,179)
n-Heptane (67,103,169) Cyclohexane (12,31,68,107,178,179)
n-Octane (67,103) Benzene (4,31,68,178,179)
n-Nonane (103,104) Methylbenzene (Toluene) (1)
n-Decane (104,114) Ethylbenzene (5)
n-Undecane (103,104,111,169) 1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene) (2)
n-Dodecane (104) 1,3-Dimethylbenzene (m-Xylene) (2)
n-Tridecane (104) 1,4-Dimethylbenzene (p-Xylene) (3)
n-Tetradecane (103,104,169) n-Propylbenzene (46)
n-Pentadecane (104) Isopropylbenzene (46)

Example
Find the thermal conductivity of 1-heptene at 268 °F and 1 atm.
From the preceding tabulation, A = 4.13 × 10–3, B = 3.049 × 10–5, C = 0.693 × 10–8. The thermal conductivity is
then calculated by using equation (12B1.4-1):

k = 4.13 × 10–3 + (3.049 × 10–5 (268) + (0.693 × 10–8) (268)2

k = 0.01280 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.

An experimental value (113) is 0.01309 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 29
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Procedure 12B1.2 – Thermal Conductivity of Pure Hydrocarbon Gases at

Low Pressures- Generalized Method
(1997)

Discussion
The following equations are to be used to obtain the thermal conductivity of pure hydrocarbon gases at
pressures below 50 pounds per square inch absolute.
For methane and cyclic compounds at reduced temperatures less than 1.0:

3
Tr Cp
k  1.188  10 (12B1.2-1)
λ

For methane and cyclic compounds at reduced temperatures greater than 1.0 and for all other compounds at any
temperature:
2/3 C p
 4

k  2.67  10 14.52 Tr  5.14 
λ
(12B1.2-2)

2/3
1/6 1/2  14.696 
λ Tc M   (12B1.2-3)
 Pc 

Where:
k = thermal conductivity in Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per foot.
Tr = reduced temperature T/Tc.
T = temperature in degrees Rankine.
Tc = critical temperature in degrees Rankine.
Cp = isobaric heat capacity in Btu per (lb-mole)(deg R).
M = molecular weight.
Pc = critical pressure psia.

Procedure
Step 1: Obtain the critical temperature Tc, the critical pressure Pc and molecular weight M, from the Pure
Component Properties program.
Step 2: Calculate λ from equation (12B1.2-3).
Step 3: Calculate the reduced temperature (T r = T/Tc).
Step 4: Obtain the isobaric heat capacity according to the method of Chapter 7 and convert to a Btu per (lb-
mole)(deg R) basis.
Step 5: Depending on the reduced temperature and compound type, calculate the thermal conductivity
using either equation (12B1.2-1) or equation (12B1.2-2).

12 - 30 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12B1.2
(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12B1.2 is presented to calculate the thermal conductivity of pure hydrocarbon gases at pressures less
than 50 pounds per square inch absolute. For higher pressures, apply the correction outlined in Procedure 12B4.1.
When Procedure 12B1.1 is applicable, it should be used in preference to this procedure.

Reliability
This procedure yields average errors of 5 percent and maximum errors of 40 percent.

Literature Source
This procedure is adapted from Misic and Thodos, AlChE Journal 7 264 (1961).

Example
Calculate the thermal conductivity of 2-methylbutane at 212 °F and 1 atm.
From the Pure Component Properties program, the critical temperature is 369.1 °F, the critical pressure is
490.24 psia, and the molecular weight is 72.15. The value of λ is therefore:

23
1/6 1/2  14.696 
λ  (369.1  459.67) (72.15)  
 490.24 

λ  2.512

( 212  459.67)
The reduced temperature is  0.810. From Chapter 7, the isobaric heat capacity is 34.49 Btu
(369.1  459.7)
per (lb-mole)(deg R).

The thermal conductivity for 2-methylbutane is then, calculated by using equation (12B1.2-2).

4
k  (2.67  10 )[(14.52)(0.810)  5.14]
2/3
 
34.49
2.512

k  0.01293 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg R) per ft.

An experimental value (124) at these conditions is 0.01333 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 31
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

12B2 Thermal Conductivity of Defined Mixtures of Hydrocarbon Gases

Procedure 12B2.1 – Thermal Conductivity of Defined Mixtures of Hydrocarbon Gases

(1997)

Discussion
The following equations are to be used to predict the thermal conductivity of vapor mixtures of known
composition at any conditions of temperature and pressure. The conductivities of the pure components are required
at the same conditions.

n
ki (12B2.1-1)
km  
1 n
i 1

yi
A
j 1
ij yj

Where:
km = thermal conductivity of the mixture, in Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.
ki = thermal conductivity of component i, in Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.
n = number of components in the mixture.
yi , yj = mole fractions of components i and j.

2
 Sij 
  Si  
 
1/2

 μ  M j 
3/4
1  1  T 
1 T     (12B2.1-2)
A ij  1   i 
 

 
 S  S
4 μ M
 i  i  1 T  
j
1 i

 
 T

Si, Sj (Sutherland Constants) = 1.5 T b (12B2.1-3)

Si, Sj = 142 °R for hydrogen, deuterium, and helium. (12B2.1-4)

Sij  SiS j (12B2.1-5)

Note that Aij ≠ Aji.

Where:
μi, μj = viscosities of components i and j, in centipoise.
Mi, Mj = molecular weights of components i and j.
Tb = normal boiling point, in degrees Rankine.
T = temperature, in degrees Rankine.

This method is also applicable to mixtures of nonhydrocarbons including hydrogen.

12 - 32 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Procedure 12B2.1 (Continued)
(1997)

Procedure
Step 1: Obtain the molecular weights and normal boiling points of the pure components of the mixture
from Chapter 1 and calculate the thermal conductivities by using Procedure 12Bl.l or 12B1.2. If
the values are required at elevated pressures, use Procedure 12B4.1 to correct for the effect of
pressure.
Step 2: Calculate Si, Sj and Sij from equations (12B2.1-3) and (12B2.1-4).
Step 3: Obtain the pure component viscosities using the method of Chapter 11.
Step 4: From equation (12B2.1-2), calculate the factors Aij.
Step 5: Obtain the thermal conductivity of the mixture from equation (12B2.1-1).

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 33
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12B2.1
(1997)

Purpose
Equation (12B2.1-1) is used to calculate the thermal conductivity of a gaseous mixture for which the
composition is known, using pure-component conductivities under the same conditions.

Reliability
Equation (12B2.1-1) yields average errors of approximately 5 percent and maximum errors of 40 percent when
compared with the available data.

Special Comments
Equation (12B2.1-1) also will yield reliable results for many nonhydrocarbon systems, including mixtures
containing polar compounds.
For mixtures of quantum gases (hydrogen, helium and neon) and hydrocarbons wherein the fraction of the
quantum gas is known but the composition of the hydrocarbon portion is not, use Procedure 12B3.1 to obtain a kj for
the entire hydrocarbon portion of the mixture which is then treated as a pseudocomponent in this procedure.
Although not recommended when the mixture composition is known, Procedure 12B3.1 may be used for fast
but less accurate estimates of mixture thermal conductivities.

Literature Source
This procedure is adapted from Lindsay and Bromley, Ind.Eng.Chem. 42 1508 (1950).

Example
Calculate the thermal conductivity of a 29.96-mole percent n-pentane(1) - 70.04-mole percent n-hexane(2)
mixture at 212 °F and l atm. The experimental thermal conductivities of n-pentane and n-hexane at these conditions
(42) are 0.01280 and 0.01165 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft, respectively.
The molecular weights and normal boiling points are taken from the Pure Component Properties program.
n-pentane: M = 72.15; Tb = 96.93 °F
n-hexane: M = 86.18; Tb =155.71 °F
The Sutherland constant for n-pentane is S1 = 1.5(96.93+459.67) = 834.9 °R, and the Sutherland constant for
n-hexane is S2 = 1.5(155.71+459.67) = 923.07 °R. The factor S12 = S12 is therefore (834.9)(923.07 ) = 877.88.
From Chapter 11, the viscosities of n-pentane and n-hexane are determined to be 0.008631 and 0.008129 centipoise,
respectively. By using equation (12B2.1-2), the factors Aij are calculated as follows:

A11 = A22 =1.0

2
   834.9  
1/2
 877.88 
 3/4 1   1 
1   0.008631  86.18   212  459.67    
 212  459.67 
A12  1      
4   0.008129  72.15   923.07     834.9 
 1   1  
   212  459.67     212  459.67 

A12 = 1.102

12 - 34 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12B2.1 (Continued)
(1997)

2
   923.07   
1/2
 877.88 
 3/4  1    1  
1   0.008129  72.15   212  459.67     212  459.67 
A 21  1      
4   0.008631  86.18   834.9    923.07 
1   1  
   212  459.67     212  459.67 
A21 = 0.9087

The mixture’s thermal conductivity is calculated next by using equation (12B2.1-1)

0.01280 0.01165
km  
1 1
0.2996
1.0 0.29961.1020.7004  0.70040.9087 0.2996 1.0 0.7004

km = 0.01197 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft

An experimental value (42) is 0.001188 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 35
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

12B3 Thermal Conductivity of Undefined Mixtures of Hydrocarbons Gases

Procedure 12B3.1 – Thermal Conductivity of Petroleum Fraction Vapors at Low Pressures

(1997)

Discussion
The following equation is to be used to estimate the thermal conductivity between a temperature range of
0-1000 degrees F and a molecular weight range of 15-150 g/mol.

B C  E F 
k  A  2
 TD   2  (12B3.1-1)
M M  M M 

Where:

k = thermal conductivity at T in Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft

T = temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit
M = molecular weight
A = 0.0013349
B = 0.24628
C = 1.1493
D = 3.2768 × 10⁻5
E = 4.1881 × 10⁻5
F = 0.0018427

Procedure
Step 1: After knowing the temperature and molecular weight, check to see if they fall in the specified
range.
Step 2: Plug in the values for the constants A-F, the values for T and M and calculate the thermal
conductivity from equation (12B3.1-1).

12 - 36 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Comments on Procedure 12B3.1

(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12B3.1 is to be used for estimation of the thermal conductivity of hydrocarbon vapor mixtures of
undefined composition at low pressures where the vapor may be considered to be an ideal gas. Procedure 12B1.2 is
more accurate and is preferable when the input data are available. For higher pressures, apply the pressure
correction, Procedure 12B4.1.

Limitations
This method is an oversimplification which should be used only when other methods of the chapter are
inapplicable. Procedure 12B3.1 must not be used for mixtures containing quantum gases (hydrogen, helium, or
neon).

Reliability
This procedure is in error by an average of 10 percent except for mixtures containing appreciable quantities of
hydrogen, helium, or neon where an average error of 25 percent is obtained. No data for petroleum fraction vapors
are available for comparison.

Literature Source
This procedure is a regression of a figure which is similar to a figure presented by Maxwell. "Data Book on
Hydrocarbons." 215. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (1950) based on thermal conductivity
data of defined vapor mixtures from the following sources: 26, 28, 29, 40, 42, 52, 59, 60, 89, 125, 126, 149, 164, and
183.

Example
Calculate the thermal conductivity of a petroleum fraction vapor at a low pressure and a temperature of 455 °F
which has a molecular weight of 138 g/mol. The thermal conductivity is calculated from equation (12B3.1-1)

0.24628 1.1493  5 4.1881x105 0.0018427 

k  0.0013349    455  3.2768 x10   
138 1382  138 1382 

k = 0.01828 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 37
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

12B4 Effect of Pressure on Gaseous Hydrocarbon Thermal Conductivities

Procedure 12B4.1 – Thermal Conductivity of Pure Hydrocarbon Gases at High Pressures

(1997)

Discussion
The following equations are to be used to predict the effect of pressure on the thermal conductivity of
hydrocarbon gases when the pressure is greater than 50 pounds per square inch absolute:

' ''
Cv ' C
 k/k*  v  k/k*
''
k/k*  (12B4.1-1)
Cv Cv

Where:

k = thermal conductivity at temperature and pressure of interest, in Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F)
per ft.
k* = thermal conductivity at temperature of interest but at a low pressure (usually
atmospheric, in Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.
Cv = isochoric heat capacity of the real gas, in Btu per (lb mole)(deg F).
' = translational isochoric heat capacity of the real gas to be calculated from equation
C v (12B4.1-7), in Btu per (lb-mole)(deg F).
C"v = internal isochoric heat capacity of the real gas, Cv Cv′, in Btu per (lb-mole)(deg F).
(k/k*)′ = translational contribution to the thermal conductivity ratio which is given analytically
as a function of Tr and Pr as equation (12B4.1-2).
internal contribution to the thermal conductivity ratio which is given analytically as a
(k/k*)″ = function of Tr and Pc, as equation (12B4.1-5) for noncyclic hydrocarbons and as
equation (12B4.1-6) for cyclic hydrocarbons.
Tr = reduced temperature, T/Tc.
T = temperature, in degrees Rankine.
Tc = critical temperature, in degrees Rankine.
Pr = reduced pressure, P/Pc,
P = pressure, in pounds per square inch absolute.
Pc = critical pressure, in pounds per square inch absolute.

 4.18 P  P
'
 rT T r 
   
(k/k*) =1.0+  4 +0.537 r2  1.0  exp APr   0.510 r3 exp(APr )
B

T
B
(12B4.1-2)
r

Where:
 1.91 
A  0.0617 exp  9 
(12B4.1-3)
 Tr 

 1.34 
B  2.29 exp  16 
(12B4.1-4)
 Tr 

12 - 38 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Procedure 12B4.1 (Continued)
(1997)

For noncyclic hydrocarbons:

1.0  
4
* " Pr P
(k/k ) noncyclic  1.0  5  20 4 
 0.012 r (12B4.1-5)
Tr  2.44Tr  Pr  Tr

For cyclic hydrocarbons:

0.520  
5
" Pr Pr
(k/k * ) cyclic = 1.0 + 4  5  + 0.009 (12B4.1-6)
Tr 5.38+P Tr
 r 
The isochoric heat capacity, Cv, can be obtained according to the methods of Chapter 7. The translational heat
capacity can be calculated from the following equation:

 C ~  ~ ( ) 
'  Cv 
C v  4.965  R 1   v   (12B4.1-7)
  R  
 

Where:
R = gas constant = 1.986 Btu per (lb-mole)(deg R).

~ ~ ( )
C  Cv 
 v  = effect of pressure on isochoric heat capacity for the simple fluid which is
 R 
obtained from Chapter 7.

The internal heat capacity, Cv″, is then calculated as the difference between the total isochoric heat capacity and
''
the translational capacity, C v  Cv – C'v .

Procedure
Step 1: Obtain the critical temperature, T c, and the critical pressure, pc, from the Pure Component Properties
program and determine the thermal conductivity of the low-pressure gas from Procedure 12B1.1
or 12B1.2.
Step 2: Calculate the reduced temperature and the reduced pressure.
~  ~ ( )
C v  C v 
Step 3: From Chapter 7, obtain the isochoric heat capacity, Cv, and   . Use
 R 
equation (12B4.1-7) to calculate the translational heat capacity, C'V , and then obtain the
internal capacity, C''  Cv – C'v .
v

Step 4: Calculate the coefficients A and B from equations (12B4.1-3) and (12B4.1-4) and use these values
in equation (12B4.1-2) to determine the translational contribution to the thermal conductivity
ratio, (k/k*)'.
Step 5: Depending on compound type, use either equation (12B4.1-5) or (12B4.1-6) to calculate the
internal contribution to the thermal conductivity ratio, (k/k*)''.
Step 6: Obtain the thermal conductivity ratio from equation (12B4.1-1) and multiply the result by the
low-pressure vapor thermal conductivity, k*, to determine the thermal conductivity of the dense
gas.

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 39
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12B4.1
(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12B4.1 is presented for estimating a correction to the low-pressure thermal conductivity of
hydrocarbons in the dense-gas region.

Reliability
Average errors between calculated and experimental thermal conductivities of dense gases are 10 percent except
in the critical region, where 20-percent errors should be expected and errors as high as 70 percent can occur.

Literature Source
This procedure is adapted from Crooks, M.S. thesis. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania (1978).

Example
Calculate the vapor-phase thermal conductivity of n-heptane at 572 °F and 1450 psia.
From the Pure Component Properties program, the critical temperature of n-heptane is 512.69 °F and the critical
pressure is 397.41 psia. By using Procedure 12B1.4, k* (572 F, 1 atm) = 0.02444 Btu per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per ft.
The reduced temperature is (572 + 459.67)/(519.69 + 459.67) =1.061, and the reduced pressure is 1450/397.41 =
3.65. From Chapter 7, the total isochoric heat capacity is determined to be 66.52 Btu per (lb-mol)(deg F) and
~  ~ ( )
C  Cv 
 v  is –0.409. The translation isochoric heat capacity is calculated by using Equation (12B4.1-7):
 R 
Cv' = 4.965 = 1.986 [1 + (–0.409)]

Cv' = 3.79 Btu per (lb-mol)(deg F)

The internal isochoric heat capacity is therefore (66.52 – 3.79) = 62.73 Btu per (lb-mole) (deg F).
The coefficients A and B are calculated by using Equation (12B4.1-3) and (12B4.1-4):

 1.91 
A  0.0617 exp  9
 0.189
 1.061 
 1.34 
B  2.29 exp  16 
 3.85
 1.061 

By using (12B4.1-2):

 4.18  3.65  1.0  exp 0.189 3.65 3.85   0.510 3.65 exp 0.189 3.65 3.85
 k / k   1.0  
* '
 0.537 2
1.061  
       
 1.061 1.061
4 3

(k/k*)′ = 1.0 + 5.04 + 0.0 = 6.04

12 - 40 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12B4.1 (Continued)
(1997)

Since n-heptane is noncyclic, Equation (12B4.1-5) is used to calculate the internal contribution to the thermal
conductivity ratio:

  3.65 
4
1.0  3.65 
k / k 
* "
 1.0  5  4
 0.012  
1.061  2.44 1.061   3.65 
20
 1.061 

k / k 
* "
 1.0  0.712  0.041  1.753

Therefore, using equation (12B4.1-1):

3.79 62.73
 k / k   66.52
*
 6.04 
66.52
1.753  1.997

The actual high-pressure thermal conductivity is (1.997) (0.02444) = 0.04881 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.

An experimental value (106) is 0.04813 Btu per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per ft.

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 41
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

12C Thermal Conductivity of Nonhydrocarbons

12C1 Thermal Conductivity of Nonhydrocarbons

Procedure 12C1.1 – Thermal Conductivity of Selected Nonhydrocarbons

(1997)

Discussion
The following equation is to be used to obtain the thermal conductivity of selected nonhydrocarbons at various
temperatures and pressures.

2 P F
k  A  BT  CT  DP  E 1.2
 0.015
 G ln P (12C1.1-1)
T (0.4P  0.001T)

Where:
k = thermal conductivity in BTU per (hr)(sq ft)(deg F) per foot
T = temperature in degrees Rankine
P = pressure in pounds per square inch absolute

Procedure
Step 1: Obtain the constants for equation (12C1.1-1) from Table 12C1.2.
Step 2: Check to see if the desired temperature and pressure are within the limitations of the equation.
Step 3: Calculate the thermal conductivity using equation (12C1.1-1).

12 - 42 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12C1.1
(1997)

Purpose
Procedure 12C1.1 is to be used to estimate the thermal conductivity of selected nonhydrocarbons at various
temperatures and pressures.

Limitations
Temperature Range (deg. R) Pressure Range (psia)

Nitrogen 460 to 2,460 15 to 10,000

Carbon Monoxide 460 to 2,460 15 to 10,000

Oxygen 460 to 2,460 15 to 15,000

Hydrogen 260 to 2,260 15 to 10,000

Sulfur Dioxide (gas) 960 to 2,460 15 to 10,000

Hydrogen Sulfide 460 to 2,460 Atmospheric

Sulfur Trioxide 460 to 2,460 Atmospheric

Procedure 12C1.1 is not recommended outside of the above ranges.

Reliability
The error for the data before regression did not exceed five percent. The average error for the regression was:

Number of Tested Points Average Absolute % Error

Nitrogen 155 1.69

Carbon Monoxide 229 1.81

Oxygen 151 1.88

Hydrogen 77 1.72

Sulfur Dioxide (gas) 96 2.98

Hydrogen Sulfide 11 <0.5

Sulfur Trioxide 11 3.81

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 43
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Procedure 12C1.1 (Continued)
(1997)

Literature Source
Hydrogen - Schaefer and Thodos, Ind. Eng. Chem. 60 1585 (1958).
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Monoxide - Stiel and Thodos, The Prediction of Transport Properties of Pure
Gaseous and Liquid Substances, in Progress in International Research on Thermodynamic and Transport Properties,
Chapter 31, ASME, 1962.
Sulfur Dioxide.- Institute of Gas Technology Data Book.
Sulfur Trioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide - Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Data Compilation: Tables of Properties of
Pure Compounds, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York (extant 1995).

Example
Calculate the thermal conductivity of oxygen at 984.67 degrees Rankine and 6075.0 pounds per square
inch absolute.
Obtain the constants for oxygen from Table 12C1.2. They are:
A = 5.950×10–4
B = 1.710×10–5
C = 0.000
D = –2.100×10–8
E = 5.869×10–3
F = 6.995×10–3
G = 0.000
Check to see if the temperature and pressure are within the limitations for oxygen.

Limitations for oxygen are:

T (°R) 460 to 2,460

P (psia) 15 to 15,000

The temperature and pressure fall within the limitations.

Calculate the thermal conductivity of oxygen using equation (12C1.l-1).

2 6075.0
k  A  B  984.67  C  984.67  D  6075.0  E 1.2
984.67
(12C1.1-1)
F
 0.015
 G ln (6075.0)
(0.4  6075.0  0.001  984.67)

The calculated thermal conductivity is 0.03265 BTU per (hr) (sq ft) (deg F) per foot.

12 - 44 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Table 12C1.2 – Constants for Equation (12C1.1-1)

(1997)

A B C D E F G
Nitrogen 4.561×10–3 1.61×10–5 0.0000 2.56×10–9 5.299×10–3 2.47×10–3 0.0000
–3 –5 –8 –3 –3
Carbon 1.757×10 1.55×10 0.0000 2.08×10 5.751×10 5.60×10 0.0000
–4 –5 –8 –3 –3
Oxygen 5.950×10 1.71×10 0.0000 –2.10×10 5.869×10 6.995×10 0.0000
–3 –4 –8
Hydrogen 4.681×10 2.00×10 –3.6×10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.70×10–3
Sulfur Dioxide
2.5826×10–2 1.35×10–5 0.0000 –4.4×10–7 1.026×10–2 –2.631×10–2 0.0000
(gas)
Hydrogen
Sulfide –1.51×10–3 2.25×10–5 3.32×10–10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Sulfur –1.02×10–3 1.34×10–5 4.17×10–9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Trioxide

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 45
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Figure 12C1.3 – Thermal Conductivity of Nitrogen
(1997)

TEMPERATURE, °F
FIGURE 12C1.3

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

OF

NITROGEN
Created: June 1979 Remastered : 2012

TECHNICAL DATA BOOK VERSION 9

Copyright © 2013. The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International, Inc.

Pressure, psia

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, Btu/hr-sq ft-deg F/ft

12 - 46 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Figure 12C1.4 – Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Monoxide
(1997)

TEMPERATURE, °F
FIGURE 12C1.4

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

OF

CARBON MONOXIDE
Created: June 1979 Remastered : 2012

TECHNICAL DATA BOOK VERSION 9

Copyright © 2013. The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International, Inc.

Pressure, psia

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, Btu/hr-sq ft-deg F/ft

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 47
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Figure 12C1.5 – Thermal Conductivity of Oxygen

FIGURE 12C1.5

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

OF

OXYGEN
Created: June 1979 Remastered : 2012

TECHNICAL DATA BOOK VERSION 9

Copyright © 2013. The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International, Inc.

TEMPERATURE, °F

Pressure , psia

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, Btu/hr-sq ft-deg F/ft

12 - 48 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Figure 12C1.6 – Thermal Conductivity of Hydrogen
(1997)

FIGURE 12C1.6

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

OF

HYDROGEN
Created: June 1979 Remastered : 2012

TECHNICAL DATA BOOK VERSION 9

Copyright © 2013. The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International, Inc.

TEMPERATURE, °F

Pressure psia

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, Btu/hr-sq ft-deg F/ft

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 49
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Figure 12C1.7 – Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Dioxide
(1997)

FIGURE 12C1.7

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

OF

CARBON DIOXIDE

TEMPERATURE, °F
Created: June 1979 Remastered : 2012

TECHNICAL DATA BOOK VERSION 9

Copyright © 2013. The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International, Inc.

Pressure , psia

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, Btu/hr-sq ft-deg F/ft

12 - 50 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Figure 12C1.8 – Thermal Conductivity of Sulfur Dioxide (Low Range)

(1997)

FIGURE 12C1.8

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

OF SULFUR DIOXIDE

(LOW RANGE)
Created: June 1979 Remastered : 2012

TECHNICAL DATA BOOK VERSION 9

Copyright © 2013. The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International, Inc.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, Btu/hr-sq ft-deg F/ ft

0.12

Pressure , psia

TEMPERATURE, °F

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 51
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Figure 12C1.9 – Thermal Conductivity of Sulfur Dioxide Gas (High Range)

(1997)

FIGURE 12C1.9

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

OF SULFUR DIOXIDE GAS

(HIGH RANGE)
Created: June 1979 Remastered : 2012

TECHNICAL DATA BOOK VERSION 9

Copyright © 2013. The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International, Inc.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, Btu/hr-sq ft-deg F/ft

500

Pressure , psia

TEMPERATURE, °F

12 - 52 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Figure 12C1.10 – Thermal Conductivity of Ammonia
(1997)

FIGURE 12C1.10

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

OF

AMMONIA
Created: June 1979 Remastered : 2012

TEMPERATURE, °F
TECHNICAL DATA BOOK VERSION 9
Copyright © 2013. The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International, Inc.

Pressure , psia

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, Btu/hr-sq ft-deg F/ft

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 53
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Figure 12C1.11 – Thermal Conductivity of Water
(1997)

FIGURE 12C1.11

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

OF

WATER
Created: June 1979 Remastered : 2012

TECHNICAL DATA BOOK VERSION 9

Copyright © 2013. The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International, Inc.

TEMPERATURE, °F
Pressure, psia

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, Btu/hr-sq ft-deg F/ft

12 - 54 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Figure 12C1.12 – Thermal Conductivity of Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Trioxide
(1997)

SO3
H2 S

TEMPERATURE, °F
Pressure , psia

FIGURE 12C1.12

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND

SULFUR TRIOXIDE
Created: June 1979 Remastered : 2012

TECHNICAL DATA BOOK VERSION 9

Copyright © 2013. The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International, Inc.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, Btu/hr-sq ft-deg F/ft

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 55
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
Comments on Fig. 12C1.3 through 12C1.12
(1997)

Purpose
Thermal conductivity data for 10 common nonhydrocarbon gases are presented for available temperature and
pressure ranges.

Reliability
The maximum error for all atmospheric pressure data was slightly less than 5 percent with a mean error for
individual gases from 1.5 to 3.0 percent. High-pressure data errors did not exceed 5 percent.

Literature Sources
Hydrogen – Schaefer and Thodos, Ind. Eng. Chem. 50 1585 (1958).
Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, ammonia – Stiel and Thodos, “The Prediction of
the Transport Properties of Pure Gaseous and Liquid Substances,” in Progress in International Research on
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties, Chapter 31, ASME, 1962.
Sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen sulfide – Institute of Gas Technology Data Book.

12 - 56 © 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition

Bibliography
Chapter 12 – Thermal Conductivity
(1997)

1. Akhundov, T. S., Gasanova, N. E., "An Neft i Gaz 12 60, 68 (1969).

Experimental Study of the Thermal 15. Bogatov, G. F., Rastorguev, Yu. L., Grigor'ev,
Conductivity of Toluene," Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. B. A., "The Heat Conductivity of n-Paraffinic
Zaved., Neft i Gaz 12 59 (1969). Hydrocarbons at High Pressures and
2. Akhundov, T. S., Gasanova, N. E., Temperatures," Khim. i Tekhnol. Topl. i Masel
"Experimental Study of the Thermal 14 31 (1969).
Conductivity of o- and m-Xylenes," Izv. Vyssh. 16. Bogatov, G. F., et al, "Study of the Thermal
Ucheb. Zaved., Neft i Gaz 12 67 (1969). Conductivity of Upper Cretaceous Malgobek
3. Akhundov, T. S., Gasanova, N. E., "The Petroleum and Its Narrow Fractions," Khim,
Experimental Determination of the Heat Teknol. Topl. Masel 1, 5 (1976).
Conductivity of p-Xylene," Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. 17. Briggs, D. K. H., "Thermal Conductivity of
Zaved., Neft i Gaz 12 73 (1969). Liquids," Ind. Eng. Chem. 49 418 (1957).
4. Akhundov, T. S., "Thermal Conductivity of 18. Brykov, V. P., Mukhamedzyanov, G. Kh.,
Benzene," Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Neft i Gaz Usmanov, A. G., "Experimental Investigation of
17 78 (1974). the Thermal Conductivity of Organic Fluids at
5. Akhundov, T. S., "Thermal Conductivity of Low Temperatures," Inzh-Fiz. Zh. 18 82 (1970).
Ethylbenzene," Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Neft i 19. Calado, J. C. G., et al, "Thermal Conductivity of
Gaz 17 24, 62 (1974). Five Hydrocarbons Along the Saturation Line,"
6. AI-Harbi, D. K., et al, "Thermal Conductivity of Int. J. Thermophys. 4(3), 193 (1983).
Isopentane in the Temperature Range 307-355K 20. Carmichael, L. T., Jacobs, J., Sage, B. H.,
at Pressures up to 0.4 GPa," Int. J. Thermophys. "Thermal Conductivity of Fluids. n-Pentane," J.
12 (l), 17 (1991). Chem. Eng. Data 14 31 (1969).
7. Assael, M. J. and Wakeham, W. A., "Thermal 21. Carmichael, L. T., Sage, B. H., "Thermal
Conductivity of Four Polyatomic Gases," J. Conductivity of Fluids. n-Butane," J. Chem.
Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 77, 697 (1981). Eng. Data [51] (1964).
8. Assael, M. J., et al, "The Thermal Conductivity 22. Carmichael, L. T., Reamer, H. H., Sage, B. H.,
of Xylene Isomers in the Temperature Range "Thermal Conductivity of Fluids. Methane," J.
290-360 K," Int. J. Thermophys. 9(4), 501 Chem. Eng. Data 11 52 (1966).
(1988). 23. Carmichael, L. T., Berry, V., Sage, B. H.,
9. Assael, M J., et al, "The Thermal Conductivity "Thermal Conductivity of Fluids. Ethane," J.
of n-Hexane, n-Heptane, and n-Decane by the Chem. Eng. Data 8 281 (1963).
Transient Hot-Wire Method," Int. J. 24. Carmichael, L. T., Jacobs, J., Sage, B. H.,
Thermophys. 8 (6), 663 (1987). "Thermal Conductivity of Fluids. Propane," J.
10. Atalla, S. R., et al, "Measurement of Thermal Chem. Eng. Data 13 40 (1968).
Properties of Liquids with an AC Heated Wire 25. Carmichael, L. T., Sage, B. H., "Thermal
Technique," Int. J. Thermophys. 2 (2), 155 Conductivity of Fluids. n-Decane," J. Chem.
(1981). Eng. Data 12 210 (1967).
11. Baltatu, M. E., et al, "Thermal Conductivity of 26. Carmichael, L. T., Jacobs, J., Sage, B. H.,
Coal-Derived Liquids and Petroleum Fractions," "Thermal Conductivity of Fluids. A Mixture of
Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 24, 325 Methane and n-Butane," J. Chem. Eng. Data 13
(1985). 489 (1968).
12. Baroncini, C., Latini, G., and Pierpaoli, P., 27. Charitidou, E., et al, "The Thermal Conductivity
"Thermal Conductivity of Organic Liquid and Viscosity of Benzene," Int. J. Thermophys.
Binary Mixtures: Measurement and Prediction 9 (1), 37 (1988).
Method," Int. J. Thermophys. 5 (4), 387 (1984). 28. Cheung, H., Bromley, L. A., Wilke, C. R.,
13. Barovik, E., Matveev, A., Panina, E., "Thermal "Thermal Conductivity of Gas Mixtures," Am.
Conductivity of Liquid Nitrogen, Carbon Inst. Chem. Engrs. Journal 8 221 (1962).
Monoxide, Methane and Ethylene," Zh. Tech.. 29. Christensen, P. L. and Fredenslund, A.,
Fiz. 10 988 (1940). "Thermal Conductivity of Gaseous Mixtures of
14. Bogatov, G. F., "Thermal Conductivity of Methane with Nitrogen and Carbon Dioride," J.
Liquids. n-Pentane," Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Chem. Eng. Data 24 (4), 281 (1979).

© 2013, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved 12 - 57
 API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK – 9th Edition
30. Clifford, A. A., et al, "Thermal Conductivity of Fractions From Anastasevesk Petroleum," Izv.
N2, CH4„ and CO2 at Room Temperature and at Vyssh. Ucheb, Zaved., Neft i Gaz 17(12), 111
Pressures up to 35 MPa," Physica 97A, 287 (1974).
(1979). 44. Grigor'ev, B. A., Ishkhanov, A. M., "Thermal
31. Craven, P. M., Lambert, J. D., "The Viscosities Conductivity of Hydrocarbons in the Naphthene
of Organic Vapours," Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Group Under High Pressures," J. Engr. Physics
Ser. A205 439 (1951). 41(3), 998 (1982).
32. Crooks, R. G., "Prediction of the Thermal 45. Gudzinowicz, B. J., Campbell, R. H., Adams, J.
Conductivity of Nonpolar Dense Gases," M.S. S., "Thermal Conductivity Measurements of
dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, Complex Saturated Hydrocarbons," J. Chem.
University Park, Pennsylvania (1978). Eng. Data 9 79 (1964).
32a. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Data Compilation: 46. Guseinov, K D., Mirzoev, B. M., Gylmanov, A.
Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds, A., "Experimental Determination of the Thermal
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New Conductivities of Propylbenzene and
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87. Mashirov, V. E., Tarzimanov, A. A., "Thermal Temperatures and Pressures," Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb,
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Thermal Conductivity of n-Tetradecane at High Temperatures and Pressures," Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb.

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Zaved., Neft i Gaz 17 71 (1974). 132. Rastorguev, Yu. L., Grigor'ev, B. A., Bogatov,
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52 (1962). Conductivities of Liquids at High
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