Metal

⚫ Uses

Iron (Fe) Construction / Car and ship Hard and strong / Cheap
bodies
Copper (Cu) Electric wires Good conductor of electricity / Ductile
Water pipes Non-poisonous / Corrosion resistant
(Pb -- Wedding: Low melting pt.)
Cooking utensils Good conductor of heat / Non-poisonous
Aluminium (Al) Overhead power cables Good conductor of electricity / Low density
( Cu: High density)
Aircraft bodies Low density / Strong
Kitchen foil Good conductor of heat / Non-poisonous
Soft drink can Non-poisonous / Low density
Window frames Corrosion resistant / Strong
Titanium (Ti) Supersonic aircraft bodies Low density but very strong / Extremely high
melting point
Metal implants in human body Biocompatible
Gold (Au) Jewellery / Coins Attractive golden yellow colour / Shiny
Mercury (Hg) Thermometer Liquid at r.t.p / Expands on heating
Silver (Ag) Jewellery / Coins Attractive silvery colour / Corrosion resistance
Electrical and electronic Corrosion resistant
components
⚫ Occurrence
1. Gold (Au) / Platinum (Pt) nugget
Free state in nature
2. Bauxite (Al2O3) / Haematite (Fe2O3)
3. Copper pyrite (CuFeS2)
4. Galena (PbS)
⚫ Extraction
1. Electrolysis of molten ore
K / Na / Ca / Mg / Al (Purified ore is melted / Electricity is passed through the ore to extract metal)
metal oxide electricity metal + oxygen
2. Carbon reduction
Zn / Fe / Pb / Cu (Heated strongly in air / Heated with C)
metal sulphide + oxygen heat metal oxide + Sulphur dioxide ( Fe)
metal oxide + carbon heat metal + carbon dioxide
3. Heating alone
Hg / Ag (Metal oxide decomposes to metal and O2)
Metal oxide heat metal + oxygen
4. Mechanical separation / Physical method
Pt / Au (Panning)
⚫ Discovery
1. Most abundant metal: Al → Fe → Ca → Na → K → Mg → …
2. Discovery: Au / Ag → Cu → Sn → Fe → Al
➢ ↑easily can be extracted,↑recent/earlier it was discovered in history
⚫ Conserving
Metals: Limited + Non-renewable
1. Reusing
2. Reducing
3. Recycling
✓ Saves resources / Saves energy /↓waste and land use /↓pollution /↑public awareness
 Difficult and time consuming to sort out waste / Cost↑/ Change people’s habits

⚫ Reaction (O2)
K Gentle Lilac flame
Na Golden yellow flame
Ca Brick-red flame White powder metal + oxygen
Mg Burn Very bright white light → metal oxide
Al Strong
Zn Yellow (Hot) / White (Cold)
powder
Fe Yellow sparks Black solid iron + oxygen
→ iron(II,III) oxide
Pb Orange (Hot) / Yellow
 Burn Surface (Cold) powder metal + oxygen
Cu Very Strong Black → metal(II) oxide
Hg Red powder
Ag 
Pt Reaction No observable change
Au
1. Shiny (freshly cut) → Dull (exposed in air forming oxide layer)
2. K/Na: Paraffin oil
3. Ca: Airtight container
⚫ Reaction (H2O)
1. K / Na: melts to form silvery ball
moves quickly on water surface with hissing sound
burns with lilac / golden yellow flame
alkaline solution (turn red litmus paper blue)
2. Ca: sinks to bottom
colourless gas bubbles form at moderate rate (H2)
3. Mg: give intense white light
4. Al / Zn / Fe: remove oxide layers (sand paper)
 K
Na Cold water metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen
Ca
Mg
Al Steam metal + steam → metal oxide + hydrogen
Zn
Fe
Pb
Cu
Hg  reaction
Ag
Pt
Au
⚫ Reaction (Acid)(HCl/H2SO4)
K Explosive
Na
Ca metal + dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) → metal chloride + hydrogen /
Mg metal + dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) → metal sulphate + hydrogen
Al Dilute acid
Zn  nitric acid (HNO3) → oxidizing
Fe
Pb Very slow
Cu
Hg
Ag  reaction
Pt
Au
1. Dissolves
2. Colourless gas bubbles (H2)
⚫ Displacement Reaction
1. Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Cu displaces Ag metal from 2AgNO3(aq)
2. Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
Zn displaces Cu metal from CuSO4(aq)
3. Cu(s) + MgSO4(aq) → 
No reaction
4. Na(s) + MgSO4(aq) → Explosion // 2Na + H2O → 2NaOH + H2
Na react to H2O before displacement reaction
⚫ Reactivity Series
K / Na / Ca / Mg / Al / Zn / Fe / Pb / Cu / Hg / Ag / Pt / Au
⚫ Mole
12g carbon-12 (1 mol = 6.02×1023)
⚫ Avogadro Constant
6.02×1023 mol-1
⚫ Molar mass
Formula mass

Mass Formula units

Mole = Molar mass Mole = L

Molar mass
Mass =
L

⚫ Percentage by Mass

Atomic mass
% = Formula mass × 100%
% × Formula mass = Mass

⚫ Empirical Formula
Simplest whole no. ratio (e.g. C3H6→CH3)
⚫ Molecular Formula
e.g. CO2
⚫ Structural Formula
e.g. O=O
A B
Mass
Molar mass
Ratio
Simplest whole no. ratio

A B C
Mass
Molar mass
Ratio
Simplest whole no. ratio

n(Empirical formula mass) = Formula mass n(Empirical formula) = Molecular formula

Atomic mass
Mass of X in Z = Final mass ×
Formula mass

⚫ Error
1. Not all water of crystallization has been removed in heating process
2. Anhydrous salt has absorbed moisture from atmosphere
⚫ Reacting masses
1 data
Chemical formula → Molar mass (Compound) → Mole (Compound) → Mole ratio (Metal : Compound)
→ Mass
2 data
Mass
Chemical formula → Mole → Maximum value → Limiting → Ratio → Mole = Formula mass (Limiting)

→ Mass (Formed)
⚫ Percentage yield
Actual < Theoretical
1. Reaction is incomplete
2. Impurities are present in reactants
3. Side reaction occur
4. Product is lost e.g. purification

Actual yield
Percentage yield =
Theoretical yield

Theoretical yield
Chemical formula → Molar mass (2 data) → Mole (2 data) → Mole ratio (Data 1 : Data 2) → Limiting
Given mole Mass
→ Mole ratio = → Mole = Formula mass (Limiting) → Theoretical yield
Mole

⚫ Corrosion
Gradual deterioration of metal, resulting from reaction with air / water / other substances
⚫ Rusting (Corrosion of iron)
Water + Air

A: (✓Rusting) Both water and air(O2) are present

B: Boiling water removes dissolved air + Oil layer prevent air from dissolving in it
Has water but no air(O2)
C: Anhydrous CaCl2 removes moisture in air
Has air(O2) but no water
⚫ Equation
1. Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e- (Lose electron)
1
2. O2(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- → 2OH-(aq) (Form hydroxide ions)
2
3. Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s) (Form iron(II) hydroxide precipitate)
4. 4Fe(OH)2(s) + O2(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 4Fe(OH)3(s) (Form iron(III) hydroxide) → hydrated iron(III) oxide
Overall: 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 2nH2O(l) → 2Fe2O3nH2O(s)
⚫ Factors (Speed up)
Acidic pollutant Acid speed up rusting
e.g. SO2 / NO2 → dissolve in rainwater → acid rain
Soluble ionic Seashore → faster
compound Water film contains dissolved NaCl
High temperature Increases rate of chemical reaction → rusting
Attachment of less Attach metal in lower series → rusting becomes faster
reactive metal Lose e- more readily than hen it is alone
Scratched / Bent / Sharp area
Sharp area e.g. Head + Tip rust faster
⚫ Rust indicator
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) K3[Fe(CN)6] / Phenolphthalein / NaCl
Fe2+ ions turn K3[Fe(CN)6] blue / OH- ions phenolphthalein pink
Warm gel: Slow down diffusion of colour for easier observation
⚫ Protecting method
1. Coating
Painting - Cheap - Scratched off easily Bridges /Ships / Fences /
Prevents Car bodies
Plastic Fe from - Lasts long - More expensive Coat hangers / Paper clips
contacting - Looks good than painting
Oiling/ air + water -  fall off like -  once and for all Moving parts /
Greasing paint/plastic -Dirt would stick Woodworking tools
- Lubricating
Galvanizing - Zn is damaged, Fe - Zn2+ are poisonous Construction / Buckets
(Zinc-plating) Prevents is still protected
Tin-plating Fe from - Corrosion resistant - Sn is damaged, Tin cans
contacting - Non-poisonous rusting occurs more
air + water quickly than Fe alone
Electroplating - Beautiful shiny - Quite expensive Water taps / Car bumpers
(Chromium) appearance
2. Cathodic protection
- Connect to negative terminal of d.c. power supply + Battery supplies e- to iron-made object
- Prevents Fe from losing e-
e.g. Car bodies (car battery) / Underground water pipelines / Storage tanks
Convenient Not applicable to many objects
 3. Sacrificial protection
(i) Galvanized iron
- Zn is more reactive than Fe → Zn will corrode instead of Fe
(ii) Zn blocks → Ship hulls
- Zn blocks are attached to ship hull
(iii) Mg blocks → Underground pipeline
- Mg blocks are connected to underground pipelines
Effective Needs replacement from time to time
4. Alloys of iron
- Stainless steel
- Mixing right amount of C + other metals (Cr/Ni/Mg)
- Layer of chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3): Very tough
Can protect Fe from contacting air + water
e.g. Cookware / Cutlery
Beautiful appearance / Effective Most expensive
⚫ Corrosion resistance (Al)
- Layer of AlO: Impermeable to air + water → Protect Al from further corrosion
- Anodization
1. Al → Al3+ + 3e-
2. 4OH → O2 + H2O + 4e-
Overall: 2Al(s) + 3H2O(l) → Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
1. Thickening protective layer
2. Becomes more corrosion resistant
3. Can be dyed easily to give attractive colours