EEM221

Circuit Analysis I
Resistive Circuits

Funda Ergün Yardım

Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering
Gazi University
fundaergun@gazi.edu.tr

1 1
 Resistance of Resistor
• Different materials allow charges to move within them with different levels of ease.
This physical property or ability to resist current is known as resistance (𝑅).

• The resistance of any material with an uniform cross-sectional area A and length l
is inversely proportional to A and directly proportional to l.

𝑙
• Mathematically, 𝑅∝
𝐴
• The constant of the proportionality 𝜌
is the resistivity of material

• Mathematically resistance is expressed

as:
𝑙
• 𝑅=𝜌
𝐴
2
 Resistance of Resistor
• In honor of George Simon Ohm (1787-1854), a German physicist, the unit of
resistance is named Ohm ().

• A conductor designed to have a specific resistance is called a resistor.

3
 Ohm’s Law

• The voltage (𝑣(𝑡)) across a resistor is directly proportional to the current (𝑖(𝑡))
flowing through the resistor. The proportionality constant is the resistance of the
resistor, 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅. 𝑖(𝑡), 𝑅 ≥ 0

• German inventor
Ernst Werner von Siemens
(1816-1892)

• Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct current..

• G=1/R is called the conductance of the element and is
measured in siemens (S) or mho ( ) .
• A device with zero (no) resistance has infinite conductance and a device with infinite
resistance has zero conductance: 𝑅 = 0 𝐺 = ∞ and 𝑅 = ∞ (𝐺 = 0)
4
 Ohm’s Law

• One can also write:

1
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 ↔ 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐺𝑣(𝑡)
𝑅

• Instantaneous power dissipated in a resistor is given as:

𝑣 2 (𝑡)
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 .𝑖 𝑡 = = 𝑖 2 (𝑡). 𝑅
𝑅

5
Linear and Nonlinear Resistors

• Linear resistor Nonlinear resistor

• In this course, we assume that all the elements that are

designated as resistors are linear (unless mentioned otherwise)

6
Resistors (Fixed and Variable)
• Fixed resistors have a resistance that remains constants.
• Two common type of fixed resistors are:
(a) wirewound
(b) composition (carbon film type)

7
EEM221, 2017/2018
Fall
 Fixed Resistors
• Inside the resistor

• A common type of resistor that you will work with in your labs:
• It has 4 color-coded bands (3 for value and 1 for tolerance)
– How to read the value of the resistor?

8
 How to read the value of the resistor?
S Siyah (Black) 0 • SoKaKTa SaYMaM GiBi
K Kahverengi (Brown) 1 • 𝑎𝑏 × 10𝑐
K Kırmızı (Red) 2
• If the bands on the resistor are
T Turuncu (Orange) 3 Brown, black, green and gold,
the resistance of the resistors is:
S Sarı (Yellow) 4
5
• 10 × 105 ∓ 10 × 105 × 100 Ω
Y Yeşil (Green) 5
• Its tolerance is %5.
M Mavi (Blue) 6

M Mor (Purple) 7

G Gri (Grey) 8

B Beyaz (White) 9 9
 Variable Resistors
• Variable resistors have adjustable resistance and are typically called potentiometer
(or pot for short).

• Potentiometers have three terminals one of which is a sliding contact or wiper.

10
 Short and Open Circuits
• A device with zero resistance is called short circuit and a device
with zero conductance (i.e., infinite resistance) is called open-
circuit.

11
 Example
• The power absorbed by the 10-kΩ resistor in the following circuit is 3.6 mW.
Determine the voltage and the current in the circuit.

• First solution path:

• Using the power relatioship,

𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 ↔ 3.6 × 10−3 = 𝐼 2 10 × 103

𝐼 = 0.6𝑚𝐴
• Furthermore, once 𝑉𝑠 is determined 𝐼 could be
obtained by Ohm’s Law and likewise once 𝐼 and
is known, then Ohm’s Law could be used to
derive the value of 𝑉𝑠 :
𝑉𝑠2 𝑉𝑠2
• Second solution path: 𝑃= −3
↔ 3.6 × 10 =
𝑉𝑠2 𝑅 10 × 103
𝑃= ↔ 𝑉𝑠 = 6𝑉 ↔ 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼. 𝑅 ↔ 6 𝑉𝑠 = 6𝑉
𝑅
= 𝐼. 10 × 103 ↔ 𝐼 = 0.6𝑚𝐴
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 Example
• Given the following network, find R and VS.

• First solution path:

• Using the power relatioship:

𝑃 80 × 10−3
𝑃= 𝐼2𝑅 ↔𝑅= 2↔𝑅= =
𝐼 4 × 10−3 2
𝑅 = 5𝑘Ω
• Second solution path:
• The voltage could also be obtained • The voltage can be derived using Ohm’s Law
from the remaining power as:
relationships: 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼. 𝑅 ↔ 𝑉𝑠 = 4 × 10−3 . 5 × 103
𝑉𝑠2
𝑃= ↔ 𝑉𝑠2 = 80 × 10−3 . 5 × 103 𝑉𝑠 = 20𝑉
𝑅
𝑉𝑠 = 20𝑉
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 Example
• Given the following circuit, find the value of the voltage source and the power absorbed by
the resistance.
• First solution path:

• Using other expression of Ohm’s Law:

𝐼 0.5 × 10−3
𝑉𝑠 = = = 10𝑉
𝐺 50 × 10−6

• The power absorbed is then:

Second solution path:
1 1 :
𝑅= = = 20𝑘Ω ↔ 𝐼2 0.5 × 10−3 2
𝐺 50 × 10−6 𝑃= = = 5𝑚𝑊
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼. 𝑅 = 0.5 × 10−3 . 20 × 103 = 10𝑉 𝐺 50 × 10−6
2
𝑉𝑠2
𝑃=𝐼 R= = 𝑉𝑠 . R
𝑅
14
 Terminology (Nodes, Loops and Branches)
• Node (Düğüm, Nokta): A node is a point of connection of two or more circuit
elements.

• If we start at some point in the circuit and move along perfect conductors in any
direction until we encounter a circuit element, the total path we cover represents a
single node.

• Loop (Çevre): A loop is any closed path through the circuit in which no node
is encountered more than once.

• Mesh: A mesh is a special kind of loop that does not contain any loops within it.

• Branch (Kol, Dal): a branch is a portion of a circuit containing only a single element
and the nodes at each end of the element.

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 Example
• Are the following two circuits different? Identify the nodes, loops and branches in each circuit.
1
Loops: 1) Starting from node1, one loop would
contain the elements 𝑅1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑅4 and 𝑖1 .
2) Another loop would contain 𝑅2 , 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑅4 and
𝑖1 .
3) However, the path 𝑅1 , 𝑣1 , 𝑅5 , 𝑣2 , 𝑅3 and 𝑖1 is not 3
4
a loop because we have encountered node 3 2
twice.

Branches: The circuit in Fig.(a) and (b) contains

eight branches.
5

Note: Although one node can be spread out with perfect conductors, it is still only
one node. This is illustrated in Fig. (b) above. Node 5 consists of the entire bottom
connector of the circuit.
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 Example
• In the following circuit, find the number of branches, nodes, meshes and loops .

Loops: 1) Starting from node a, one loop would

contain the elements 10𝑉, 5Ω and 2A.
2) Another loop would contain 10𝑉, 5Ω and 3Ω.

Meshes: 1) Starting from node a, one mesh

would contain the elements 10𝑉, 5Ω and 2Ω.
2) Another mesh would contain 2Ω and 3Ω.
3) Another mesh would contain 3Ω and 2A.

Branches: The circuit contains five branches.

Nodes: The circuit contains three nodes (a,b and

c)

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 Series and Parallel Connections
• Two or more elements are connected “in series” when they belong to the same
branch.(even if they are separated by other elements).

• In general, circuit elements are in series when they are sequentially connected end-to-
end and only share nodes among them.

• Elements that are in series carry the same current.

𝑣𝑅 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 +….+𝑣𝑛
Node a
+
𝑣𝑅
-
Node b

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 Series and Parallel Circuits
• Two or more circuit elements are “in parallel” if they are connected between
the same two nodes.

• Consequently, parallel elements have the same voltage

𝑖𝑅 𝑖𝑅 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 +….+𝑖𝑛

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 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887), a German physicist, stated two basic
laws concerning the relationship between the currents and voltages in an
electrical circuit.

• KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents entering a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero.

• The current entering a node may be regarded as positive while the currents
leaving the node may be taken as negative or vice versa. The important thing
here is that the currents entering the point should all be taken positive (or
negative). Similarly, the currents leaving the point must have the same sign.

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 KCL

• Alternative statement of KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents leaving a node
(or a closed boundary) is zero.

• Assuming that current leaving a node is positive (+) and currents entering a node
is negative (-) or

• Assuming that current entering a node is positive (+) and currents leaving a node
is negative (-)

• Alternative statement of KCL: The sum of the currents entering a node is equal
to the sum of the currents leaving that node.

Σiin=Σiout

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 KCL
• KCL is based on the law of conservation of charge. Accordingly, charges cannot be
stored at one point. It only moves from one point to another.
•

• Example: Write the KCL for the node A inside this black box circuit:

• If current entering the node a is

positive (+):
i4 A
i1 𝑖1 + 𝑖3 − 𝑖2 − 𝑖4 = 0
i3
i2
• If current leaving the node a is
positive (+):

−𝑖1 − 𝑖3 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖4 = 0

Black box circuit

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 Example
• The following network is represented by its topological diagram. Find the unknown
currents in the network.
• Assuming that current leaving from a node is
positive:
• KCL at Node 1: −𝐼1 + 20𝑚𝐴 + 60𝑚𝐴 = 0
𝐼1 = 80𝑚𝐴
• KCL at Node 5: 30𝑚𝐴 −𝐼6 −40𝑚𝐴 = 0
𝐼6 = −10𝑚𝐴
• KCL at Node 2: 𝐼1 + 𝐼6 −𝐼4 = 0
80𝑚𝐴 − 10𝑚𝐴−𝐼4 = 0
𝐼4 = 70𝑚𝐴

• KCL at Node 3: 𝐼4 + 40𝑚𝐴 − 60𝑚𝐴−𝐼5 = 0

70𝑚𝐴 − 20𝑚𝐴 = 𝐼5 ↔ 𝐼5 = 50𝑚𝐴

• or KCL at Node 4: 𝐼5 − 20𝑚𝐴 − 30𝑚𝐴 = 0

𝐼5 = 50𝑚𝐴
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 Example
• In the following circuit, find ix.

Node 1 (upper node)

• (current leaving from a node is positive)

• KCL at upper node: 𝑖𝑥 + 10𝑖𝑥 − 44𝑚𝐴 = 0

𝑖𝑥 = 4𝑚𝐴

Node 2 (lower node)

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 Closed Surface (Gauss Surface)
• Finally, it is possible to generalize Kirchhoff’s current law to include a closed surface. By
a closed surface we mean some set of elements completely contained within the surface that
are interconnected.
• Since the current entering each element within the surface is equal to that leaving the
element (i.e., the element stores no net charge), it follows that the current entering an
interconnection of elements is equal to that leaving the interconnection.
• Therefore, Kirchhoff’s current law can also be stated as follows: The algebraic sum of the
currents entering any closed surface is zero. (Gauss surface)

• Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss

(1777-1855)
German mathematician

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 Example

• In the following circuit, use a closed surface to find I4.

• Closed surface can be selected as a
surface consisting of node 3, node 4 and
the circuit element in between. So we
can find 𝐼4 without needing to find 𝐼5 .

• KCL at closed surface:

40𝑚𝐴 + 𝐼4 − 60𝑚𝐴 − 20𝑚𝐴 − 30𝑚𝐴 = 0

𝐼4 = 70𝑚𝐴

Current leaving from closed surface is

positive)

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 KCL Example
• Draw an appropriate closed boundary to find I in the following graphical circuit
representation.
Closed Surface Another Closed Surface

• This closed surface can 1 6 KCL at closed surface:

be determined to include 2𝐴 + 𝐼 − 3𝐴 = 0
node 1, node 2, node 3, 2A 𝐼 = 1𝐴
node 4, and circuit
elements between them. I
2 3 5 KCL at another closed
7
• Another closed surface surface:
can be determined to −2𝐴 − 𝐼 + 3𝐴 = 0
include node 5, node 6, 𝐼 = 1𝐴
node 7, node 8, node 9
3A
and circuit elements • Current leaving from
between them. 4 9 closed surface is
8
positive)
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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• First statement of KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltage drops around any closed path
(or loop) is zero at any instance of time.

• Second statement of KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltage rises around any closed
path (or loop) is zero at any instance of time.

• Third statement of KVL: The sum of the voltage drops around any closed path (or loop)
is equal to the sum of the voltage drops around any closed path (or loop).
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law is based on conservation energy. Accordingly, the amount of energy
(or the amount of work done) required to move the charge around a closed path (or loop)
is zero.
• When applying KVL in an electrical circuits, first the loops are determined. Next, a forward
direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) is selected for each loop. It is decided whether
the voltage drops or rises will be positive. According to these assumptions, the KVL
equations for each loop are written.

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 Example
• Write KVL for the below circuit.
• Assuming that the forward direction is clockwise
b
and voltage drops are positive. Thus, if the positive
a c
terminal is first encountered in forward direction, the
sign of the voltage is positive, and if the negative
terminal is encountered, the sign of the voltage is
negative.

e d • For loop abcdea, 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 − 𝑣4 + 𝑣5 − 𝑣6 = 0

• Assuming that the forward direction is clockwise • Assuming that the forward
and voltage rises are positive. Thus, if the negative direction is clockwise. From third
terminal is first encountered in forward direction, the statement of KVL, that is; the
sign of the voltage is positive, and if the positive sum of the voltage drops is equal
terminal is encountered, the sign of the voltage is to the sum of the voltage rises.
negative. For loop abcdea,
• 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + 𝑣5 = 𝑣4 +𝑣6
• For loop abcdea, −𝑣2 − 𝑣3 + 𝑣4 − 𝑣5 + 𝑣6 = 0 29
 Example
• Find VAC and VCH in the following circuit. • Assuming that the forward direction is clockwise and
B voltage drops are positive.

• For loop ACDA, 1 + −2 + 𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 0

𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 1𝑉
• Note: 𝑉𝐴𝐶 →the voltage of point A with respect to point
C H G C. Thus, it is assumed that point A is positive and point
A C is negative.
+ +
-
1V 4V • For loop CHEDC, 𝑉𝐶𝐻 + 4 + 2 − 1 = 0
-2V
- - 𝑉𝐶𝐻 = −5𝑉
+ • Note: 𝑉𝐶𝐻 →the voltage of point C with respect to point
D - 2V + E F H. Thus, it is assumed that point C is positive and point
H is negative. However, 𝑉𝐶𝐻 is found negative. Then
the voltage between points C and H is 5V and point H
is the higher potential.
 Equivalent Forms for Labelling Voltage
• 𝑉𝑎𝑏 indicates the voltage of point a with respect to point b: that is, it is the voltage between point a
and point b, with point a considered positive relative to point b. Since the potential is measured
between two points, it is convenient to use an arrow between the two points, with the head of the
arrow located at the positive node. Note that the double-subscript notation, the + and – notation,
and the single headed arrow notation are all the same if the head of the arrow is pointing toward
the positive terminal and the first subscript in the double-subscript notation. All of these equivalent
forms for labeling voltages are shown below figure.

• The usefulness of the arrow notation stems from the fact that we may want to label the voltage
between two points that are far apart in a network
• Thus, voltage polarity in electrical circuits can be given in one of these three forms. If none is
given, we randomly set a direction and operations accordingly. if the result is positive, the
direction we choose is correct. If the result is negative, the direction we choose is opposite. 31
 Circuits used to explain Ohm’s law.
• Before proceeding with the analysis of simple circuits, it is extremely important that we emphasize
a subtle but very critical point.
Ohm’s law as defined by the In a similar manner, given Likewise, in Fig.( c), if the
equation V=IR refers to the the circuit in Fig. (b), if the direction of the current is
relationship between the voltage polarity of the voltage specified as shown, then the
and current as defined in Fig. between the terminals A polarity of the voltage must be
(a). If the direction of either the and B is specified as such that point D is at a higher
current or the voltage, but not shown, then the direction of potential than point C and,
both, is reversed, the the current I is from point B therefore, the arrow representing
relationship between the current through R to point A. the voltage V is from point C to
and the voltage would be V=–IR. point D.

32
 Example
• In the following circuit, find vo and i.
• Assuming that the forward direction is clockwise
and voltage drops are positive.

• 4. 𝑖 + 2𝑣0 − 4 + 6. 𝑖 − 12 = 0

• Where 𝑣0 = −6. 𝑖

• Let's substitute 𝑣0 into above equation.Then,

• 4. 𝑖 + 2 −6. 𝑖 − 4 + 6. 𝑖 − 12 = 0 ↔ 𝑖 = −8𝐴 and

• 𝑣0 = −6. 𝑖 = −6. −8 = 48𝑉

33
 Example
• In the following circuit, assume VR1=26V and VR2=14V. Find VR3.

• Assuming that the forward direction is clockwise

and voltage drops are positive. From loop
abcdefa, starting node a:

• 𝑉𝑅1 − 5 + 𝑉𝑅2 − 15 + 𝑉𝑅3 − 30 = 0

• Where 𝑉𝑅1 = 26𝑉 and 𝑉𝑅2 = 14𝑉

• Let's substitute 𝑉𝑅1 and𝑉𝑅2 into above equation:

• 26 − 5 + 14 − 15 + 𝑉𝑅3 − 30 = 0 ↔ 𝑉𝑅3 = 10𝑉

34
 Example
• In the following circuit use KVL to determine Vae and Vec. Note that we use the
convention Vae to indicate the voltage of point a with respect to point e or Vae=Va-Ve
• 𝑉𝑎𝑒 →the voltage of point a with respect to point e.
• 𝑉𝑒𝑐 →the voltage of point a with respect to point e.

• Assuming that the forward direction is clockwise and

voltage drops are positive.

• For 𝑉𝑎𝑒 , let’s write KVL equation through loop aefa,

starting node a:
• From loop cdec, starting c; • 𝑉𝑎𝑒 + 10 − 24 = 0 ↔ 𝑉𝑎𝑒 = 14𝑉 or
• 4 + 6 + 𝑉𝑒𝑐 = 0 ↔ 𝑉𝑒𝑐 = −10𝑉 or
• For 𝑉𝑎𝑒 , let’s write KVL equation through loop
• From loop ceabc, starting c; abcdea, starting node a:
• −𝑉𝑒𝑐 − 𝑉𝑎𝑒 + 16 − 12 = 0 ↔ 𝑉𝑒𝑐 = −10𝑉 • 16 − 12 + 4 + 6 − 𝑉𝑎𝑒 = 0 ↔ 𝑉𝑎𝑒 = 14𝑉
35
 Example

• Given the network in below figure containing a

dependent source. This source is a voltage
controlled-voltage source and its voltage is 20𝑉𝑅1 .

• Let’s write the KVL equations for the two closed

paths (meshes, loops) 𝑎𝑏𝑑𝑎 and 𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑏:

• 𝑉𝑅1 + 𝑉𝑅1 − 𝑉𝑠 = 0
• 20𝑉𝑅1 + 𝑉𝑅3 − 𝑉𝑅2 = 0

• For both meshes (or loops), assuming that the

forward direction is clockwise and voltage drops are
positive.

36
 More Interesting Implications
• A current source supplying zero current is equivalent to an open circuit:

• A voltage source supplying zero volt is equivalent to a short circuit:

37
 Voltage Division
• Applying KVL to this circuit:

• Let's assume that the direction of forward is clockwise, that is,

the current flows in a clockwise direction, and the voltage drop is
positive.
• If this assumption is correct, the solution of the equations that yields the current will produce a
positive value. If the current is actually flowing in the opposite direction, the value of the current
variable will simply be negative, indicating that the current is flowing in a direction opposite to that
assumed.

• 𝑉𝑅1 + 𝑉𝑅2 − 𝑣 𝑡 = 0 ↔ 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑅1 + 𝑉𝑅2 where 𝑉𝑅1 = 𝑅1 . 𝑖 𝑡 and 𝑉𝑅2 = 𝑅2 . 𝑖 𝑡

• Knowing the current, we can now apply Ohm’s Law to determine the voltage across each resistors.

𝑣 𝑡 𝑅1 𝑅2
• 𝑖 𝑡 =𝑅 ↔ 𝑉𝑅1 = 𝑅 .𝑣 𝑡 and 𝑉𝑅2 = 𝑅 .𝑣 𝑡 where 𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
1 +𝑅2 1 +𝑅2 1 +𝑅2

• The source voltage (𝑣 𝑡 ) is divided between the resistors 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 in direct proportion to their
resistance. 38
 Series Resistors
• The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series is the sum of
the resistors.

1  1  1  1
Req  R1  R2    Rn or
Geq G1 G2 Gn

39
 Voltage Division
• In a series combination of n resistors, the voltage drop across the resistor Rj for
j=1,2, …, n is:

Rj
v j (t)  vin (t)
R1  R2    Rn

40
 Example

Consider the circuit shown in Fig. Suppose that 𝑉𝑠 = 9 𝑉, 𝑅1 = 90 𝑘Ω,

and 𝑅2 = 30 𝑘Ω. Let us examine the change in both the voltage across
𝑅2 and the power supplied in this resistor as 𝑅1 is changed from 90 𝑘Ω to
15 𝑘Ω.
• Using voltage division:

𝑅2 30𝑘
• 𝑉2 = .𝑉 = . 9𝑉 ↔ 𝑉2 = 2.25𝑉
𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑠 90𝑘+30𝑘

• Now suppose that the variable resistor (𝑅1 ) is changed from 90 𝑘Ω to 15 𝑘Ω. Then

𝑅2 30𝑘
• 𝑉2 = 𝑅 . 𝑉𝑠 = 15𝑘+30𝑘 . 9𝑉 ↔ 𝑉2 = 6𝑉
1 +𝑅2

• Note that the larger voltage is across the larger resistance.

Note: Voltage division is equivalent to finding the loop current and using Ohm's law to find the
voltage across each resistor. This voltage-divider concept and the simple circuit we have employed
to describe it are very useful because, as will be shown later, more complicated circuits can be
41
reduced to this form.
 Example
• Finally, let us determine the instantaneous power absorbed by the resistor 𝑅2 under the two
conditions 𝑅1 = 90 𝑘Ω and 𝑅1 = 15𝑘Ω. For the case 𝑅1 = 90 𝑘Ω, the power absorbed by 𝑅2 is

9 2
2
• 𝑃2 = 𝐼 . 𝑅2 = 120𝑘
. 30𝑘 = 0.169𝑚𝑊
75𝜇𝐴

• In the second case:

9 2
• 𝑃2 = 𝐼 2 . 𝑅2 = . 30𝑘 = 1.2𝑚𝑊
45𝑘
200𝜇𝐴

• The current in the first case is 75𝜇𝐴, and in the second case it is 200𝜇𝐴. Since the power
absorbed is a function of the square of the current, the power absorbed in the two cases is quite
different.

42
 Multiple-Source/Resistor Networks

• Now, let's examine a circuit include a multiplicity of

voltage sources and resistors as seen in figure in the left.

≡ • Applying KVL to this circuit:

• 𝑣𝑅1 + 𝑣2 𝑡 − 𝑣3 𝑡 +𝑣𝑅2 + 𝑣4 𝑡 +𝑣5 𝑡 -𝑣1 𝑡 = 0

• By using Ohm’s Law:

• 𝑅1 𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑣2 𝑡 − 𝑣3 𝑡 + 𝑅2 𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑣4 𝑡 +𝑣5 𝑡 −𝑣1 𝑡 = 0

• 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑣1 𝑡 − 𝑣2 𝑡 + 𝑣3 𝑡 − 𝑣4 𝑡 − 𝑣5 (𝑡) ↔ 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑣(𝑡)
𝑣(𝑡)
• where 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣1 𝑡 − 𝑣2 𝑡 + 𝑣3 𝑡 − 𝑣4 𝑡 − 𝑣5 (𝑡)

• 𝑣(𝑡): the sum of several voltage sources in series can be replaced by one source whose value is the
algebraic sum of the individual sources.
43
 Current Division
Upper node
• Applying KCL at node upper node:

• Let's assume that the currents entering a node is positive.

• If this assumption is correct, the solution of the equations that yields the node voltage (𝑣 𝑡 )) will
produce a positive value.

𝑣 𝑡 𝑣 𝑡
• 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑖1 (𝑡) + 𝑖2 (𝑡) where 𝑖1 (𝑡) = and 𝑖2 (𝑡) = (by using Ohm’s Law)
𝑅1 𝑅2

• Knowing the node voltage, we can now apply Ohm’s Law to determine the branch currents flowing
through each resistors.

1 1 𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑝 1 1 1
• 𝑖 𝑡 =𝑣 𝑡 +𝑅 ↔ 𝑖1 𝑡 = . 𝑖 𝑡 and 𝑖2 𝑡 = . 𝑖 𝑡 where = +𝑅
𝑅1 2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 2

• The source current (i 𝑡 ) is divided between the resistors 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 in inverse proportion to their
resistance.
44
 Parallel Resistors
• The equivalent conductance of resistors connected in parallel is the sum of their
individual conductances:

1  1  1  1
Geq  G1  G2  Gn or
Req R1 R2 Rn

45
 Current Division
• In a parallel combination of n resistors, the current through the resistor Rj for j=1,2, …, n
is:

Gj Rp
i j (t)  iin (t) or i j (t)  iin (t)
G1  G2  Gn Rj

46
Parallel Resistors and Current Division Example
• For the special case of two parallel resistors

R1 R2 R2 R1
Rp  , i1 (t)  i(t) , andi (t)  i(t)
R1  R2 R1  R2
2
R1  R2

47
 Example
• Find 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 and 𝑉0 .

• Applying current division:

1 1 1 𝑅 .𝑅 60𝑘.120𝑘
• = 𝑅 + 𝑅 ↔ 𝑅𝑝 = 𝑅 1+𝑅2 = = 40𝑘Ω
𝑅𝑝 1 2 1 2 180𝑘

𝑅𝑝 40𝑘
• 𝐼1 = . 0.9𝑚𝐴 ↔ 𝐼1 = 60𝑘 . 0.9𝑚𝐴 = 0.6𝑚𝐴
𝑅1

• For 𝐼2 , I.path: Applying KCL at upper node

• 0.9mA = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ↔ 𝐼2 = 0.9𝑚𝐴 − 0.6𝑚𝐴 = 0.3𝑚𝐴

• For 𝐼2 , II.path: Applying current division

𝑅𝑝 40𝑘
• 𝐼2 = . 0.9𝑚𝐴 ↔ 𝐼2 = 120𝑘 . 0.9𝑚𝐴 = 0.3𝑚𝐴
𝑅2

• From here; 𝑉0 = 80𝑘. 0.3𝑚𝐴 = 24𝑉

48
 Example
• Find 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 and 𝑃40𝑘Ω (power absorbed by resistor 40𝑘Ω).

• Applying current division:

1 1 1 𝑅 .𝑅 40𝑘.120𝑘
• = 𝑅 + 𝑅 ↔ 𝑅𝑝 = 𝑅 1+𝑅2 = = 30𝑘Ω
𝑅𝑝 1 2 1 2 160𝑘

𝑅𝑝 30𝑘
• 𝐼1 = . 16𝑚𝐴 ↔ 𝐼1 = 40𝑘 . 16𝑚𝐴 = 12𝑚𝐴
𝑅1

• For 𝐼2 , applying KCL at upper node (assuming that currents

Note: When KCL is applied at the
leaving a node is positive):
upper node (or at the lower node), -
• 16mA − 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 0 ↔ 𝐼2 = −16𝑚𝐴 + 12𝑚𝐴 = −4𝑚𝐴
16mA is divided with the current
division while 𝐼2 is found, since 16𝑚𝐴
• For 𝐼2 , applying current division:
𝑅𝑝 30𝑘 and 𝐼2 are opposite (i.e. one enters
• 𝐼2 = 𝑅 . −16𝑚𝐴 ↔ 𝐼2 = 120𝑘 . −16𝑚𝐴 = −4𝑚𝐴 the node and the other leaves the
2
node).
• From here; 𝑃40𝑘Ω = 12𝑚𝐴 2 . 40𝑘Ω = 5.76W
49
 Multiple Sources/ Resistor Networks

• Now, let's examine a circuit include a multiplicity

of current sources and resistors as seen in figure
in the left.

• Applying KCL at the upper node: (entering (+))

• 𝑖1 𝑡 − 𝑖2 𝑡 −𝑖3 𝑡 + 𝑖4 𝑡 − 𝑖5 𝑡 − 𝑖6 𝑡 = 0
• By using Ohm’s Law:

𝑣 𝑡 𝑣 𝑡
• 𝑖1 𝑡 − 𝑖3 𝑡 + 𝑖4 𝑡 − 𝑖6 𝑡 = +
𝑅1 𝑅2

1 1 1 1
• 𝑖1 𝑡 − 𝑖3 𝑡 + 𝑖4 𝑡 − 𝑖6 𝑡 = +𝑅 𝑣 𝑡 ↔ 𝑖0 (𝑡) = +𝑅 𝑣 𝑡 where 𝑖0 (𝑡) = 𝑖1 𝑡 − 𝑖3 𝑡 + 𝑖4 𝑡 − 𝑖6 𝑡
𝑅1 2 𝑅1 2
𝑖0 (𝑡)

• 𝑖0 (𝑡): the sum of several current sources in parallel can be replaced by one source whose value is the
algebraic sum of the individual sources.
50
 Example

• In the following circuit find Req:

𝑅𝑠1 = 4Ω + 5Ω + 3Ω = 12Ω

• 𝑅𝑠1 //4Ω ↔ 𝑅𝑝1 = 3Ω

• 𝑅𝑠2 = 𝑅𝑝1 + 3Ω = 6Ω

• 𝑅𝑠2 //6Ω ↔ 𝑅𝑝2 = 3Ω

• 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 2Ω + 3Ω + 1Ω = 6Ω

51
 Example
• In the following circuit find the resistance seen between the two terminals A and B, i.e., RAB

• 𝑅𝑠1 = 2𝑘Ω + 1𝑘Ω = 3𝑘Ω

• 𝑅𝑠1 //6𝑘Ω ↔ 𝑅𝑝1 = 2𝑘Ω

• 𝑅𝑠2 = 𝑅𝑝1 + 10𝑘Ω = 12𝑘Ω

• 𝑅𝑠2 //6𝑘Ω ↔ 𝑅𝑝2 = 4𝑘Ω

• 𝑅𝑠3 = 𝑅𝑝2 + 2𝑘Ω = 6𝑘Ω

• 𝑅𝑠4 //4kΩ ↔ 𝑅𝑝4 = 3𝑘Ω
• 𝑅𝑠3 //6𝑘Ω ↔ 𝑅𝑝3 = 3𝑘Ω
• 𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑘Ω + 𝑅𝑝4 = 5𝑘Ω
• 𝑅𝑠4 = 𝑅𝑝3 + 9𝑘Ω = 12𝑘Ω

52
 Example

• In the following circuit find the current 𝐼. 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 30Ω

𝑰𝒔
• 𝑅𝑝1 ↔ 𝑅1 ∕∕ 𝑅2 ∕∕ 𝑅3
20

𝑰 • 𝑅𝑝1 ↔ 30Ω ∕∕ 30Ω ∕∕ 30Ω

12V
• 𝑅𝑝1 = 10Ω
10

• 𝑅𝑠1 = 20Ω + 10Ω + 10Ω = 40Ω

𝑉 12
• 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅 𝑠 = 40 = 0.3𝐴
𝑠1

𝑅𝑝1 10
• 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑠 . = 0.3 .
𝑅1 30

53
 Example

• In the following circuit find I1, I2, I3, Va, and Vb.
• 𝑅𝑠1 = 3𝑘Ω + 3𝑘Ω = 6𝑘Ω

• 𝑅𝑝1 ↔ 6𝑘Ω ∕∕ 6𝑘Ω; 𝑅𝑝1 = 3𝑘Ω

• 𝑅𝑠2 = 9𝑘Ω + 3𝑘Ω = 12𝑘Ω

12
• 𝐼1 = 12𝑘 = 1𝑚𝐴

• From here;
• By using current division:
• 𝑉𝑎 = 6𝑘Ω. 𝐼2 = 6𝑘Ω. 0.5𝑚𝐴 = 3𝑉
6𝑘
• 𝐼2 = 1𝑚𝐴 . = 0.5𝑚𝐴
6𝑘+6𝑘
• 𝑉𝑏 = 3𝑘Ω. 𝐼3 = 3𝑘Ω. 0.5𝑚𝐴 = 1.5𝑉
6𝑘
• 𝐼3 = 1𝑚𝐴 . = 0.5𝑚𝐴
6𝑘+6𝑘

54
 Wye-Delta Conversions
• In some circuits the resistors are neither in series nor in parallel.

• For example consider the following bridge circuit:

• how can we combine the resistors R1 through R6?

55
 Wye and Delta Networks
• A useful technique that can be used to simply many such circuits is conversion
from wye (Y) to delta () network.

• A wye (Y) or tee (T) network is a three-terminal network with the following general form:

56
 Wye and Delta Networks
• The delta () or pi () network has the following general form:

57
 Delta-Wye Conversion
• Solving for R1, R2, and R3 we have:

RbRc
R1 
Ra  Rb  Rc
Rc Ra
R2 
Ra  Rb  Rc
Ra Rb
R3 
Ra  Rb  Rc

• Each resistor in the Y network is the product if the resistors in the two adjacent 
branches, divided by the sum of the three  resistors.

60
 Wye-Delta Conversion

• Each resistor in the  network is the sum of all the

possible products of Y resistors taken two at a time,
divided by the opposite Y resistor

R R  R2R3  R3R1 R R  R2R3  R3R1 R R  R2R3  R3R1

Ra  1 2 , Rb  1 2 , and Rc  1 2
R1 R2 R3

61
 Wye-Delta Conversions
• Y and  networks are said to be balanced when:

R1  R2  R3  RY and Ra  Rb  Rc  R

• For balanced Y and  networks the conversion formulas become:

R
RY   and R  3RY
3

62
 Example

• For the following bridge network find Rab and i.

• Using Delta-Wye Conversion:

30.50
• 𝑅1 = 30+50+20 = 15Ω

20.50
• 𝑅2 = 30+50+20 = 10Ω

𝑅3 𝑅2 30.20
• 𝑅3 = 30+50+20 = 6Ω
𝑅1

63
 Example

• The circuit after the detta-wye conversion is as shown in the figure below.

𝑖=I a 13 Ω • 𝑅𝑝 ↔ 30Ω ∕∕ 20 Ω

24 Ω 10 Ω • 𝑅𝑝 = 12Ω

𝑅𝑠1 = 30 Ω 𝑅𝑠2 = 20 Ω • 𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 12Ω + 15Ω + 13Ω

100𝑉 ±
𝑅3 = 6Ω 𝑅2 = 10Ω
• 𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 40Ω
𝑅1 = 15Ω
100
• 𝑖=𝐼= = 2.5𝐴
b 40

64
 Example
• Find IS?

Answer: 1.2mA

65