Abstract

The Weather Monitoring and Reporting System that is based on the Internet of Things (IoT) is
used to provide real-time updates on weather conditions such as temperature, humidity,
moisture, and rain levels. For instance, if scientists or nature analysts need to monitor changes
in a specific environment like a volcano or a rainforest, they may face limitations with an SMS-
based weather monitoring system that only sends messages to a few recipients, and the time
required for sending messages increases with the number of mobile numbers. In such cases,
individuals would need to visit specific sites to access information on the weather conditions,
which is visible to everyone.

Due to drastic changes in climate, weather forecasts are becoming increasingly unpredictable.
As a result, Weather Reporting Systems are being primarily used for real-time monitoring of
continuously changing weather and climatic conditions in controlled areas like homes,
industries, and agriculture. The IoT platform, ThingSpeak, is utilized for displaying weather
parameters and information globally. This information is also displayed on an OLED using
two-way microcontroller communication via Wi-Fi hotspots. Reports on weather conditions
for particular places that are based on satellite systems may not provide exact weather
conditions, which can be problematic when accurate weather reports are needed in real-time.
In the Weather Reporting System, all weather parameters sensors are controlled by an ESP32
microcontroller acting as the server that sends all the data collected by sensors to the
ThingSpeak database, which is visible worldwide and displayed on the OLED using a Wemos
DI mini as the client microcontroller. The collected data is then compared to weather forecast
data and statistics generated by forecast stations. To simplify data analysis, all collected data
is saved in Google Sheets format using the IFTT tool. This system monitors changes in weather
conditions occurring in the environment and provides users with the quickest way to access
information.

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 CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION

Environment essentially affects individuals' life. Air quality and the quality of the environment
have been significantly impacted by the extraordinary rise in industry and automobile traffic.
The current situation is provided by the satellite weather reporting system, but it does not
accurately reflect the state of each location. Although precise meteorological data for the
specific location of the building is required to enhance the calibration of energy simulation
programs, the building industry has a high potential for energy savings. By constructing a
controlled local weather reporting system with Wemo's D1 small microcontroller and the
ESP32, the error in the weather forecasting system at the specific location can be minimized.
The science and art of using technology to increase agricultural yield is known as precision
agriculture. Even though water is a finite resource, 50% of the water used in agriculture is
wasted due to improper irrigation scheduling. In this scenario, real-time monitoring of the
amount of water used in fields can help prevent water waste. The use of technology in
agriculture is essential for increasing output and reducing human labor requirements. A lot of
attention has been paid to some recent research that aims to improve environmental and climate
change monitoring. Individuals want to understand what the current weather patterns are at a
particular site, like a school grounds or other construction. Because the world is changing so
rapidly, weather stations should be put in place. We'll talk about a weather station that can be
really useful anywhere in this essay. This is outfitted with environmental sensors that send
measurements to the cloud in real time from a specific location. To accomplish this, we made
use of an Arduino Uno and a wide range of environmental sensors, such as a DHT11, soil
moisture sensor, and raindrop sensor. The climate boundaries are moved to the cloud, which
accordingly gives realtime weather conditions detailing. It focuses on how the Internet of
Things will be used in the next generation of environmental data. The technology is primarily
intended to assist in the development of a smart city. what's more, basic circumstances wherein
individuals should physically check the weather patterns at different areas, which takes time
except if the framework is on the web. The Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, and wireless
technologies have changed the world. Thing Speak, which connects the user to the Internet and
is visible worldwide, should be used to display, analyze, and monitor weather parameters.
Examination and observing framework in light of ThingSpeak that associates with the Web
and is visible from anyplace in the globe. Through the utilization of software, the Internet, and
embedded devices, is leading the way in providing solutions for a wide variety of applications.

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Microcontrollers like the Arduino and NodeMCU, as well as ARM processors like the
Raspberry Pi, are used to build current technologies. The information gathered by the stations
may targets, including air quality administration to limit contaminations in the nearby climate
and environment observing to increment crop yields in the locale.

1.1 Problem Statement

First, gathering data is easy on land, but difficult in the air and at sea, where no one lives, and
in the air, which is also not a good place for a meteorological instrument. Moreover, where
surface qualities change quickly over a brief distance (like along the coast or in the mountains),
an illogically high thickness of climate perceptions is required. Second, there are limitations to
a computer, which is used to make all current weather forecasts: Weather forecasts can, of
course, become more precise as computational power increases. They might also get better if
new mathematical rules or computer algorithms that explain nature more precisely are made.
The method a computer uses to solve equations is one reason for different weather patterns.
The main problem is to gather data from all possible environments. Further this acquired data
is to be used to monitor and report weather so as to be prepared for any adverse weather
conditions. This will lead us to minimise the losses suffered by the mankind.

1.2 Objectives

1. Live reporting of accurate weather conditions.

2. To predict weather using the data from the previous seven days.

3. To report the adverse weather conditions as soon as possible.

1.3 Methodology:

This project concentrates on ThingSpeak, an Internet of Things platform for displaying sensor
data. The cycle is broken into two areas: both software and hardware development Hardware
development includes the creation of the circuit and the prototype. In the interim, the IOT
coding, schematic, circuit re-enactment, and information securing are all important for the
product. The framework will really desire to demonstrate the atmospheric condition by
assessing the current climate using sensor esteem data.

The ESP32 microcontroller and Wemos client will manage all of the data, receiving sensor
data from the ESP32 and displaying it on an OLED screen. Moreover, the system will be
accessible through the ThingSpeak channel, which has been designed to allow users to check

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the data online, as well as an Android application named Blynk, which will display the sensor
data. The collected data will be analyzed and compared with the information provided by
Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia to ensure that the data is accurate and reflects the current weather
conditions. With the help of the Internet of Things (IoT), users will be able to access the system
wirelessly and online without requiring manual verification.

1.3.1 Project Block Diagram

The block diagram shows the components used in this project. There are two ways this project
works. The WeMo’s DI small is used for monitoring, and the ESP32 is used for control.
Through wireless communication and hotspot, these two microcontroller boards connect to
each other so that the monitoring mode can obtain sensor data from the control mode.

Wi-Fi. The control mode gathers and transfers all sensor information to the ThingSpeak site,
while the checking mode shows it on the OLED. The customer can see the sensor data both on
the OLED and in the Blynk app. The acquired data are examined to configure the real state and
the current state using the fundamental formula in Equation 1. The weather condition that this
system uses to inform the user about the current state's rain and air quality is the result of this
data analysis.

1.3.2 Control Unit (Sensor Unit)

This undertaking expects to utilize Part innovation as a correspondence medium overall. as

stated in the section before it. After the ESP32 microcontroller configures all of the sensors
and begins reading data from them, the system procedure begins. The ESP32 Wi-Fi network is
used to wirelessly transmit the data to the IoT platform ThingSpeak. The ESP32's sensors
collect all data and act as the system's control unit. The temperature, dampness, pressure,
downpour, air quality, and weather patterns are naturally displayed on a particular Parcel site
page in ThingSpeak, as well as on the weather conditions station show. The control mode
procedure's flowchart can be seen in Figure 1.

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1.3.3 Monitoring Unit (Weather Station)

A wireless weather station with Wi-Fi capabilities is used for monitoring in the interim. All
of this is controlled by a tiny Wemos D1 microcontroller that connects through Wi-Fi,
gathers real-time sensor data, and displays it on an OLED screen. The Chent server protocol
or master-slave network protocol is replicated in this connection to ensure perfect data input
and output from a control unit to a monitoring device.. In order to guarantee the safety of the
system, the buzzer will sound if the sensor data is incorrect. The Android smartphone's Blynk

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app is used to send a push notification to the user.

1.3.4 Hardware Development

The choice of hardware is crucial for this project. Before being selected for the project, each
hardware component must be thoroughly examined. Each component's functionality is fulfilled
by utilizing its advantages and characteristics in component selection. The ESP32,BME280,
MQ135 rain sensor, OLED, LCD, buzzer, and LED are used in this project.

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1.3.4.1 Circuit Construction

This system is divided into two parts. The weather station is the first, and it displays the values
of all of the weather parameters. In contrast, the control unit circuit regulates and transmits all
sensor data to websites and Thing Speak. The weather station communicates with the control
unit via client-server communication, and the weather station receives all sensor control unit
data for display. Additionally, this station has an emergency alert for bad weather.Figure 3
portrays the sensor's electrical circuit.

1.3.5 Components Required

• Node MCU
• DHT11 sensor
• BMP180 sensor
• Breadboard
• Jumper Wires
• Rain Sensor

1. DHTII Sensor:

The dampness and temperature complex on the DHT11 module has an aligned computerized
signal result. The DHT11 sensor module is a module that measures temperature and humidity

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and gives out a digital signal that has been calibrated.

2. BMP 180 Sensor

It is an I2C-interfaced barometric pressure sensor. This sensor's surrounding air's absolute

pressure is measured. Weather and altitude both have an impact on the pressure

3.Rain Sensor

The rain sensor detects water on the gadget and measures it in millimetres.

4. ESP8266 Wifi Module

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This module is an independent SOC with an installed TCP/IP J convention stack that gives
admittance to your WiFi organization.

The ESP8266 might have an application or assume control over all WiFi network errands .

5. Breadboard

The breadboard's capability is to make quick electrical associations between parts like resistors,
LEDs, capacitors, etc, permitting you to test your circuit before forever sticking it together.
There are numerous small sockets on breadboards, and some groups of sockets are electrically.

6. Node MCU

Open-source prototyping board designs are included in the open-source firmware known as
NodeMCU. The words "node" and "microcontroller unit" are combined to create the term

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"NodeMCU." The firmware, not the associated development kits, are the sole focus.

1.4 Software Development

In most cases, various kinds of software are used to examine the hardware arrangement in
projects. This technique can at any rate help the undertaking part in investigating and
examining the venture settings and results. Therefore, different kinds of programming are
utilized in this task to develop it. The Arduino IDE is used in this project. with the tools to
build and upload the code, SolidWorks for 3D design, and Proteus.

Information might be effortlessly caught utilizing this stage, and Table 1 can be directed
without genuinely observing the sensor station. Basically visit the IFTTT site and pursue a free
record. After that, start a new project and save it to Google Drive or Google Sheet forms with
a connection to the server.

This data comes from the sensor station. However, this mod uses IFTTT.ca, which has access
to three sets of data, so the temperature, air quality, and rain data were chosen.

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In order to perform analysis without collecting any data, IFTTT is used to collect it. IFTTT has
restricted the number of weather parameters that can be sandboxed to three, and this IOT
platform converts the readings into a table. 2.7 Security and alarm at the weather station.The
user is informed of potentially hazardous weather conditions outside. LED Green indicates that
the weather is favorable right now, whereas LED Red indicates that the weather is not favorable
right now. The operation of the switch keeps the LED lit while the buzzer alert is silenced. In
order to warn the user of potentially hazardous circumstances, Figure 9 depicts the weather
metrics of temperature, rainfall, and air quality.

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