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Block-Diagrams (1)

The document explains the use of block diagrams to visually represent transfer functions in control systems, highlighting the cause-and-effect relationships between inputs and outputs. It details the basic elements of block diagrams, such as summing points and take-off points, and discusses the reduction of closed-loop block diagrams through various rules and procedures. Additionally, it provides examples and assignments for determining transfer functions and simplifying block diagrams.

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3 views14 pages

Block-Diagrams (1)

The document explains the use of block diagrams to visually represent transfer functions in control systems, highlighting the cause-and-effect relationships between inputs and outputs. It details the basic elements of block diagrams, such as summing points and take-off points, and discusses the reduction of closed-loop block diagrams through various rules and procedures. Additionally, it provides examples and assignments for determining transfer functions and simplifying block diagrams.

Uploaded by

jm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Block Diagrams

Transfer functions can be represented by blocks in a block diagram to give a


visual representation of the relationship between different constituents of the control
system. A block diagram can therefore be termed as cause-and-effect shorthand
pictorial presentation of the cause-and-effect relationship between the output and
input of a control system.

𝑹(𝒔) 𝑪(𝒔)
𝑮(𝒔)

Figure 1. An example of block diagram

The block diagram technique has been developed not only to show the relationship
between constituents of a control system but also to do algebraic manipulations
through their reduction procedure.
Basic Elements of Block Diagrams
The basic elements of a block diagram are a block, the summing point and the take-off point. Let
us consider the block diagram of a closed loop control system as shown in the following figure to
identify these elements.

Summing
Point
Take-off point

𝑅(𝑠) 𝐶(𝑠)
+ 𝐺(𝑠)
−

𝐻(𝑠)

The above block diagram consists of two blocks having transfer functions G(s) and H(s). It is also
having one summing point and one take-off point. Arrows indicate the direction of the flow of
signals
• Summing Point. Represented by a circle with inner indications of signs, these points show the
addition or subtraction of signals from different sources
𝑌(𝑠)

−
𝑋(𝑠) + 𝐶(𝑠)
+

𝑍(𝑠)
Figure 2. Summing point in a block diagram

Here, the algebraic relation between the different variables at the summing point is,
𝐶 𝑠 = 𝑋 𝑠 − 𝑌 𝑠 + 𝑍(𝑠)
• Take-off point. The take-off point is a point from which the same input signal can be passed
through more than one branch.
𝑋(𝑠)

𝑋(𝑠)
𝑋(𝑠)
Take-off point

𝑋(𝑠)

Figure 3. Take-off point in a block diagram

• Forward and Feedback paths. A forward path is indicated by an arow pointing towards right
while a left pointing arrow indicates a feedback path.

𝑅(𝑠) 𝐶(𝑠)
𝐺1 (𝑠) 𝐺2 (𝑠)
Forward path
(input to output)

Feedback path
𝐺3 (𝑠) (output to input)

Figure 4. Forward and feedback paths in a block diagram


Reduction of a Closed-Loop Block Diagram
𝑹(𝒔) – Reference Input 𝐸(𝑠)
𝑅(𝑠) 𝐶(𝑠)
𝑪(𝒔) – Output Signal + 𝐺(𝑠)
−
𝑩(𝒔) – Feedback Signal
𝐵(𝑠)
𝑬(𝒔) – Actuating Signal
𝐻(𝑠)
𝑮(𝒔) – Forward path
Figure 5. Closed-loop control system
𝑯(𝒔) – Feedback path
𝑻(𝒔) – Closed-loop of transfer function
• Transfer Function of Positive Feedback
𝑅(𝑠) 𝐶(𝑠)
+ 𝐺(𝑠)
+
𝐶(𝑠) 𝐺(𝑠)
𝑇 𝑠 = =
𝑅(𝑠) 1 − 𝐺 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠)
𝐻(𝑠)

• Transfer Function of Negative Feedback


𝑅(𝑠) 𝐶(𝑠)
+ 𝐺(𝑠) 𝐶(𝑠) 𝐺(𝑠)
− 𝑇 𝑠 = =
𝑅(𝑠) 1 + 𝐺 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠)

𝐻(𝑠)
Reduction Rules
The block diagram presentation of a given system may be reduced to a simplified block diagram
with fewer blocks than the original diagram. This is done by applying block diagram reduction
rules.
Transformation Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram

• Combining blocks in cascade

• Combing blocks in parallel

• Moving a summing point beyond a


block

• Moving a summing point behind a


block

(𝑅𝐺 + 𝑋) = 𝐶 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑋 = 𝐶
Transformation Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram

• Eliminating a feedback loop

• Moving a take-off point beyond a


block

• Moving a take-off point behind a


block
Procedure to Solve Block Diagram Reduction Problems
1. Reduce the blocks in series
2. Reduce the blocks in parallel
3. Reduce the minor feedback loops
4. Move summing points to right and take–off points to left
5. Repeat from step 1 to 4 until a simple form is obtained
Example 1. Determine the transfer function of the block diagram given in
the figure.
Example 2. Reduce the block diagram given in the figure.
Example 3. Reduce the block diagram and obtain the transfer function.
Assignment 1F: Reduce the block diagram and obtain the transfer function

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