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8th Cropproduction and Management

Chapter 1 discusses crop production and management, highlighting the importance of food energy for metabolic processes and the classification of crops into Kharif and Rabi based on seasons. It covers agricultural practices such as soil preparation, sowing, irrigation, and protection from weeds, along with the equipment used in these processes. Additionally, it addresses harvesting, storage techniques, and the concept of animal husbandry for food production.

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5 views3 pages

8th Cropproduction and Management

Chapter 1 discusses crop production and management, highlighting the importance of food energy for metabolic processes and the classification of crops into Kharif and Rabi based on seasons. It covers agricultural practices such as soil preparation, sowing, irrigation, and protection from weeds, along with the equipment used in these processes. Additionally, it addresses harvesting, storage techniques, and the concept of animal husbandry for food production.

Uploaded by

Tekkatidivya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management

Energy form food is used to carry out various metabolic processes like digestion, respiration
and excretion. Hence food has to be produced on a large scale.
Agricultural practices:
Crop: When same food crops are grown on a large scale, in a field over a large area for
large scale production it is said to be a crop plant.
Classification of crops: On the basis of seasons, they grow
Kharif crops: the crops which are grown in rainy season that is June to September.
Example includes paddy, cotton, maize, soybean and groundnut etc.
Rabi crops: the crops which are grown in winter season from October to March. Examples
include Wheat, gram, peas, mustard etc.
Agricultural practices carried out by farmers:
 Preparation of soil:- This is the first step in preparation of field to cultivate crops.It is
most important step which helps in turning up the soil and losing it.This allows the
roots to penetrate deep into the soil. The process of Loosening and turning soil is
called tilling and ploughing.

Equipment used:
 Plough: It is made of wood or iron and is being used since ancient times for tilling
soil. It is made up of ploughshare (a triangular iron strip) and plough shaft(a long
wooden or iron rod to which a handle is attached on one end and the other end is
placed on beam on bulls’ neck.
 Hoe: It is made of wood or iron. It is a simple tool mainly used to remove weeds from
the field.
 Cultivator: The most resent equipment used for ploughing is tractors. This is a time
and labour-saving process.
Sowing:
Selection of good quality, clean healthy seeds is important part before the sowing process
can be carried out. Damaged seed become hollow. Thus, are lighter in weight and can float
on water and can be separated from healthy seeds before sowing

Equipment used:
 Traditional tools: It is a funnel shaped tool wherein the pipe Pierce’s the soil and
also brings about sowing of seeds.
 Seed drills: seed drill makes use of a tractor. The seeds are sown at an equal
distance and depth from one another. After sowing the seeds are covered again
with soil.
Adding manure and fertilizers:

 Fertilizers : These are the nutrients that are added to soil to increase
crop yield and promote healthy plant growth. These are chemical
substances made in factories. Eg. NPK etc.
 Manuring: the process in which farmers add manure to soil so as to
replenish it’s nutrients quality is called Manuring.
 Manure: it is an organic substance obtained by decomposition of plant
and animal waste by microorganisms.
 Crop rotation: it is a method of replenishing the soil by growing different
crops alternatively on the same land.

Irrigation: Supplying the crops with water in regular interval of time is called as irrigation.
 Sources: there are many sources such as lakes, dams, wells, tube wells etc.
 Traditional methods: in this type of irrigation the water from lakes, wells and channels are lifted
with the help of either cattle or humans.
 The methods include moat, Chain pumps, Rahat etc.
 Modern methods of irrigation:

Sprinkle irrigation:
In this method, perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main
pipeline at regular intervals. Water is allowed to flow through the main pipe under pressure with
the help of a pump, it escapes from the rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it is
raining

Drip irrigation:
This is a very efficient method. Water is given to the crops in a drop-by-drop manner directly
near the roots of the plant. This saves water in regions where there is scarcity.
It useful for garden plants, fruit cultivator etc.

Protection from weeds


 Weeds: Undesirable plants which grow along with crop plant are called weeds
 Weeding: The process of removal of weeds from among crops is called weeding. It is essential
because crops need to compete with weed for nutrients, space etc.
 Tilling, manual uprooting using khurpi, cutting weeds from time to time, using chemicals known
as weedicides are all methods to remove weeds from the field. Example of weedicides is 2,4 D
which kills weeds but does not affect the crop plant. It has side effects on the farmers health
so should be used carefully.

Harvesting:
 Cutting of crops after 3-4 months after which it becomes mature is called harvesting.
 Equipment like a sickle or harvester are used.
 Trashing: The process of removal of husk from seeds of crop is called trashing grains can be
separated from chaff using a winnowing machine.

Storage
 Crops should be stored in a clean, place which is free from moisture, dust, insects, rats and
microorganisms.
 Sun drying of harvested crop is important as they may germinate causing their early spoilage.
 Farmers can use jute bags to store grains. For large scale storage one can make use of silos,
granaries, large go downs and chemical treatment of crops is also carried out.
 One can use neem leaves at home for storage of grain.

Food from animals:


 Animals are reared at home or in farms and have to be provided with proper food,
shelter and care. When this is done on a large scale ,it is called animal husbandry.
E.g., fish, poultry etc.

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