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Electronics Electric Fields and Potentials Notes

The document covers fundamental concepts in electricity, including Coulomb's Law, Gauss's Law, and the relationship between electric fields and potentials. It explains how electric fields are created by point charges, the calculation of electric potential, and the characteristics of equipotential surfaces. Key equations and principles are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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2 views1 page

Electronics Electric Fields and Potentials Notes

The document covers fundamental concepts in electricity, including Coulomb's Law, Gauss's Law, and the relationship between electric fields and potentials. It explains how electric fields are created by point charges, the calculation of electric potential, and the characteristics of equipotential surfaces. Key equations and principles are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

famousdaniel513
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronics - Electric Fields and Potentials

i. Coulomb's Law
Coulomb's Law describes the force between two point charges. It states that the force is directly
proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them: F = (1 / 4πε■) * (q1 * q2) / r²

ii. Gauss's Law and its Application


Gauss's Law states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the charge
enclosed divided by the permittivity of free space: ΦE = ■E - dA = q_enclosed / ε■ Applications
include calculating fields for symmetric charge distributions like spheres, lines, and planes.

iii. Concepts of an Electric Field


An electric field is the region where a charge experiences a force. E = F / q, where E is the
electric field strength. Field lines show the direction of force on a positive test charge.

iv. Force Between Point Charges


The force between two point charges is given by Coulomb's Law. It can be attractive or repulsive
depending on the charges involved.

v. Electric Field at a Point


The electric field due to a point charge at a distance r is: E = (1 / 4πε■) * (q / r²) Direction
depends on the sign of the charge.

vi. Electric Potential


Electric potential is the work done per unit charge to bring a test charge from infinity to a point:
V = W / q. It is a scalar quantity measured in volts.

vii. Potential due to a Point Charge and Charged Sphere


Point charge: V = (1 / 4πε■) * (q / r) Outside a charged sphere: same as point charge. On surface: V
= (1 / 4πε■) * (q / R) Inside (uniform): V = (1 / 4πε■) * (q / 2R) * (3 - r²/R²)

viii. Relationship Between Electric Field and Electric Potential


E = -dV/dr This means the electric field is the negative gradient of potential. In uniform fields: E
=V/d

ix. Equipotential Surfaces


Surfaces where potential is constant. No work is done moving a charge along them. They are always
perpendicular to electric field lines.

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