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59 views20 pagesTravelling Waves - Unacademy
This document discusses traveling waves, focusing on the mechanics of elastic bodies and the propagation of mechanical and non-mechanical waves. It classifies mechanical waves based on particle motion direction, dimensions, and periodicity, and explains wave properties such as wave speed, wavelength, and frequency. The document also covers wave functions, sinusoidal waves, and equations governing wave motion, providing examples and calculations for better understanding.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
59 views20 pagesTravelling Waves - Unacademy
This document discusses traveling waves, focusing on the mechanics of elastic bodies and the propagation of mechanical and non-mechanical waves. It classifies mechanical waves based on particle motion direction, dimensions, and periodicity, and explains wave properties such as wave speed, wavelength, and frequency. The document also covers wave functions, sinusoidal waves, and equations governing wave motion, providing examples and calculations for better understanding.
Uploaded by
animeshmxnCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Travelling Waves DISCLAIMER
“The content provided herien are created and owned by various authors and licensed to
Sorting Hat Technologies Private Limited (“Company”). The Company disclaims all rights and
liabilities in relation to the content. The author of the content shall be solely responsible
towards, without limitation, any claims,
respect to the same
bilities, damages or suits which may arise with Travelling Waves
INTRODUCTION
Till chapter Rotational Motion (Rigid Body Dynamics) we had analysed mechanics of rigid
body, now in this chapter we will study the effect of forces on non-rigid body that is elastic
body.
On application of force, distances between molecules get changed and this creates
disturbance in internal structure that pass on from one end to another end like a wave.
Since force, displacement and motion of molecules are involved in this, that is why it also
carries energy (potential and kinetic) and momentum along with it.
Distance betwes
molecules increases
in elastic body
Mechanical and Non-Mechanical Waves
‘Some waves are produced and propagated in materi
and elasticity. Such waves produced in elastic materi
or elastic waves.
medium, which must possess inertia
medium are called mechanical waves
There is another category of waves which requires no material medium for their
propagation. They can travel even in vacuum. Such kind of waves are called non-mechanical
or electromagnetic waves. Examples of such non-mechanical waves are radio waves,
microwaves, light waves, X-rays and y-rays. Electromagnetic waves are produced due to
changes of electric and magnetic fields associated with moving charges.
MECHANICAL WAVES TYPES:
According to the mechanical proper
waves can be classified as.
's of the medium, and in other ways, mechanical
1. Direction of Particle Motion:
On the basis of the direction of motion of the particles in the medium, waves can be
classified as,
A transverse wave is formed when motion of particles is perpendicular to the direction of
disturbance (direction of wave). String wave in guitar is an example of transverse wave.
\f motion of particles is along the motion of disturbance (wave) then it is called longitudinal
‘wave. Sound wave is an example of longitudinal wave. 2. Number of Dimensions:
Dimensions of wave is the number of independent direction in which disturbance of wave
exists in space.
Wave pulse in a stretched string is one-dimensional wave. Wave produced on water surface
of pond when stone is thrown is a two-dimensional wave. A sound wave and electromagnetic,
wave are example of three-dimensional wave.
3. Periodicity:
if source of a wave by which it is created is periodic then the resultant disturbance (wave)
will be periodic. For example a wave pulse created when stone is dropped in a pond would
be periodic if similar stones are dropped in even time intervals.
WAVE FRONTS SHAPES
The shape formed by different particles which are vibrating in similar manner (having same
phase) is called its wavefront. The waves formed by the rock that falls into the lake are
circular in shape have circular wave front. The sound wave propagating from a point outward
has spherical wavefront. The plane wave moving in one direction in 3-D space have a plane
wavefront. (The waves appear to be plane waves far away from a point source emitting
spherical waves).
Solid can support Transverse as well as Longitudinal wave as it provide resistance to tensile
(compression) and shear forces. The liquid does not have a defined state or structure to
maintain and provide greater resistance to compression than to shear strength. As a result,
only the longitudinal wave can propagate through the gas or into a ideal liquid body. However,
transverse waves can exit on surface of liquid. in the case of ripples in a lake, the force that
restores the system to balance is the surface tension of the water, and for the waves of the
ocean, is the gravitational force.
The shape of disturbance remains unchanged if there is no loss of energy during its
propagation,
oo ETT TOOT
i waveteneth—st Describing Waves
Waves can be represented with the help of two types of graph.
(1) Snapshot showing displacement of different particles at particular instant in a transverse
wave is Displacement distance graph.
Direction of
wave length
2 :
(2) Displacement time graph is drawn between displacement of a certain particle from
mean position (undisturbed position) and time t
Wave Speed
Wave speed is the distance travelled by the disturbance created at a point of space in unit
time.
fwe draw displacement distance graph for a string wave.
‘The figure shows displacement distance waveforms at two instances of time t, ang t,, The
disturbance peak of string wave at P has moved to Q in time t, - t, Then
PQ RS
ot
Amplitude:
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of any particle from it’s undisturbed position
(mean position) on either side.
v= wave speed
Wavelength:
Distance between two nearest particles which are vibrating in same phase along the
direction of propagation of wave is called Wavelength i. It can also be defined as the
Gistance travelled by the wave in one time period of oscillation. Time Per
Time period T is the minimum time taken by oscillating particle to repeat the position of
maximum displacement on one side.
Wave Frequency:
Wave frequency f is the number of complete cycles (oscillations) made by a particle during
1 second of its motion. It’s expressed in Hertz (1 Hz = 1 cycle/s).
©) Asinusoidal wave travelling along rope completes 40.0 vibrations in 30.0 st
also travels 425 cm along the rope in 10.0 s. Find wave speed and wavelength
of this wave.
; ; 40.0 waves
From the defi f frequency its frequency f = 40-Owaves _ 4.33 54
Sol, From the definition of frequency its frequency f = “2.0¥a¥ s
And the wave speed is v = 425°M - 495 cm/s
70.08
Since v = Hf, the wavelengt
© Atransversewaveis travellingalengahorizental string. Thefirstisdisplacement
distance graph the second is displacement time graph showing vertical
displacement of a point on the stringas a function of time. Find the wave speed.
x(in m)
& ylin em) @
/ LJ tin 5) Sol. From x-y graph, the length of two waves is 11m.
Hence wavelength % 55m
via
0
From y-t graph it is clear that a point completes 2.5 vibrations in 12 sec.
12
Hence time period T= 57 = 4.8 sec.
wave speed, v = é so 21146 m/s
‘Wave Function
Wave function a mathematical function having two independent variable position(x) and
time(t) which gives displacement of different particle from its mean position.
Wave function, y = f(%, t)
Consider a string along x-axis, its displacement at any moment is given by
fog:
Yor = 0,1) = fit)
Now, if wave is moving in positive x direction, the motion of particle at x = 0 is repeated by
particle at any point x after time (t-%) where vis wave speed. Then,
v
yer) zy 20,e-*)
= y&, t) = t-4
v
A wave function of wave moving in positive x direction can also be defined from function of
shape of wave at t = 0, as the same shape travels on theat medium.
Let us consider shape of wave function at t = 0 is given by
bx, t= 0) = £() at time
Displacement at particle of any general point (x,.y,) at any time t would be the same as by
the particle at (x,y,) at time t = 0.
Ys, t) = y(x = vt, t= 0)
yix, t) = f(x - vo)
Q Wave speed of a wave pulse travelling along positive x direction on a strin
2 mis and its displacement y (in cm) of particle at origin at any time tis given
by 2(t? +1), Find
(@) Expression of wave function, y= f(x, t).
(b) Draw its displacement distance graph t = 0 and t=15.
Sol. (@By replacing t by t - (x/v), we can get the desired wave function, ie.,
(b) We can use wave function at a particular instant to find the shape of the
wavepulse using different values of x.
Y,(in cm)
2
X (in m) art
atx 2em
x=2em,y=1cm
x=-2emyy=tem
x=4om,y= 0.4 cm
x=-40m,y= 0.4m
Similarly for t = 1 sec, displacement of particle can be calculated as follows.
at tets, ye
(1-3) +1
2
at x= 2m, em (maximum value)
at x=0
at x= 4m,
Xin m)
The pulse has moved to the right by 2m in 1s interval,
Travelling Sine Wave in One Dimension (Wave on String)
The wave equation y = ‘(t-2) is applicable for all arbitrary wave shape weather it is
transverse or longitudinal. The shape of wave depends on function f. In most general cases
function f is sinusoidal having shape of sine or cosine function. it is only possible when
source of wave moving the left end of the string also vibrates in simple harmonic motion.
fit) = A sinot Equation of motion of particle at x = 0 may be written as
{0 = Asinot
The amplitude, shape and frequency (time period) of wave depends on it source.
The particle's displacement at position x and at time t will be
yO. 0 = (e -2)
oF yet =Asino (t-
)
or yx, t) = Asin (ot ~ kx)
where k = 2 - 2% is called wave number and T= 2%
von ©
is time period of the wave, therefore
most commen equation can be written as
y=Asin (ot - kx + 6)
In the above equation the term (at - kx + 4) is phase of the wave. ¢ is chosen to meet the
initial condition. The waves with the phase differing by a multiple of 2n are known to be in
phase
Positive and Negative initial Phase Constants:
In general, the equation of harmonic wave travelling along the positive x-axis is expressed as
y= Asin (kx ~ ot + 6), where @ is called the initial phase constant. It determines the initial
displacement of the particle at x = 0 when t = 0.
y
oO}
; x
/
Positive initial phase constant Negative initial phase constant
y= Asin (kx - ot + 4) y=Asin (kx - at + 4)
The sine curve starts from the The sine curve starts from the
Left of the ori right of the or
Particle velocity :
\tis the actual velocity of particles which are vibrating in medium. Wave equation is partially
differentiated which respect to time (x is as a constant) to get the expression of particle
velocity. % = neces (ot - ke
& = wo cos (ot - kx +4)
Here it is to be noted that wave velocity (dx/dt) is different from particle velocity as wave
velocity is a constant and depends on a medium while particle velocity changes both in
magnitude and direction in a cycle.
Speed of Sinusoidal Wave:
Consider a wave travelling along positive x-direction. Figure shows two snapshots of the
wave at a small interval of time At. Let Ax be the movement of entire wave pattern in time
At, then wave speed is defined as
A travelling wave in the positive x-direction is represented by
Gx. t) =A sin (ot - kx + 4)
‘The phase of the wave is given by
= (ot kx) +6, Ci)
As long as the shape of the wave does not change, ¢ remains constant. In such a case, as
t increases, x increases in such a way that (ot - kx) is a constant. it is to be noted that 6,
Gritial phase angle) remains constant.
sine 6-1) cone: A a=tea a
or o- kB 0 or &
4 at
But ac =v (speed of the travelling wave),
o
vee ty)
As a = 2af and k = 2uf, from equation (i), we obtain
2a
vate WV
Poya tes (vy)
Equation (iv) is a general relation which is valid for all progressive waves. Variation of Phase With Distance
At a given instant of time t = t, phase at x= x,
:
ta, = 2($
For the wave travelling in positive x-direction and phase at x
ih, = ar(E-%) +4
= 4¢= (4), - (61,
4 -%)
Qn
Mb = hax
ie., Phase difference = Ea x Path difference
Forax = mE, where m= 1,3, 57
Ag=m xT
Points separated by distance m(i/2), where m is an odd integer are out of phase (at any
instant of time).
Q ‘The wavelength and amplitude of a sinusoidal travelling wave are 7.5 cm and
20 cm respectively. Write the equation of travelling wave whose displace-
istance graph is given at t = 0.3 s (if the crest P was at x = 0 att = 0),
Sol. Given, A=2em,2=75 em
In 0.3 sec wave have has travelled a distance of 1.2 m then, v= 1.2/0.3 = 4 cm/s
Therefore, angular frequency « = (v) (k) = = rad/s
Since crest (maximum displacement) is at x = 0 at t = 0, we can write the wave
equation as,
yx, t) = 2 cos (kx - wt) = 2 cos
Differential Equation for Travelling Wave
Consider a wave function travelling towards positive x-axis.
x
yt, t) = (e - 2)
Velocity of particle,
Acceleration of particle, SF i fii)
Slope of string, & = e(e-22] Gi)
Ox why
Coneavity of string, 2¥ 4)
xt
From equation (ji) and equation (iv)
oy toy
¥_7*¥ (this is a characteristic equation of wave)
ox et
and from equation (i) and equation (
ox
Particle velocity = - wave velocity x slope of string.
Q A wave equation is given by,
y=4ain ax +e
2 8
where x is in centimetres and time in seconds. Calculate
(a) the amplitude, wavelength,
(b) the phase difference of same particle for two different positions in time
interval of 0.4 sec
(©) the phase difference at any given instant of two particles 12 em apart. Sol.
ao
The equation of a wave motion is given by
(vt+x) O
sin 3(ae + 2)
2 8.
This equation can be written as
Here, y=
y=4sin Zee +»)
Comparing equation (j) with equation (i), we get,
Amplitude A = 4 cm; wavelength 2 = 32 crn; wave velocity v = 16 cm/s
16
32
(a) Phase of a particle at instant t, is given by
x
a(+3)
The phase at instant t, is given by
Here frequency is given as f = = = OS Hz.
4
a}-( +3)
= a(t, ~ t) = n(0.4) (As t, - t, = 0.4)
= 180 x 0.4 = 72° (x rad = 180)
ference at an instant between two particles with path difference Ax
(As Ax = 12 em)
A transverse wave travelling on a string has maximum particle velocity 3 m/s
maximum acceleration 90 m/s*. Write wave function describing the wave
having speed 20 m/s along the string.
12. Sol. Maxirnum particle velocity, u,,. = @A
Maximum particle acceleration, a,,, = «°A
Angular frequency, © = = 7 7 30 rads
5 3
From equation (i), amplitude, A = “== = 01m
© 30
i 30 :
Propagation constant, k= 2 == = 1.5 m*
v.20
Equation of wave is y= A sin (ot + kx) or wave function y = 01 sin (30t + 1.5x).
Wave Travelling on String
‘Assumption:
(1) String is homogeneous.
(2) itis perfectly elastic.
(3) Tension in the string is co large that we can neglect effect of gravity.
(A) Particles on string strictly perform small transverse oscillations.
(5) Slope of string at every point is very small.
th
rR .
Now drawing free body diagram of small element
Since, there is no motion in x direction,
IF=-0
> T,cosf - T.cosa = 0
> T,cosa = T, cos = T i)
3. Tsing
1,
Tegee Ticosb
Tin
and in y direction
YF, = ma
= Tsing - T.sina = dm(a)
Using value of T, and T, from equation (i) we get,
> sinp - sina = udx 2, p = Linear mass density of string.
‘cos cosa a
ay
> T(tanB - tana) = ndx 7
ic equation of wave that is
T _ [stress
> r
pA °
a medium.
‘Transverse Tension:
14. Find speed of the wave generated in the string having linear mass density
500 gm/m. (Tension in the chord is not effected by its mass).
a
[500 gm/m
20 kg
Sol. T=20 x10 = 200Nn
200 = 20 m/s
©) Auniform rope having mass m and length L hangs from ceiling as shown
figure,
(@) Find the speed of a transverse wave as a function y.
(b) Find the time taken by wave pulse to travel entire length of the rope.
Sol. @As mas per unit length
vf
i
Tension at F = wg
a
vst
as
|
15. Q A stretched string is used to generate a wave pulse staring at the left end is,
given in figure. Find the velocity of the cart for the pulse to remains stationary
wri ground if tension in string is 100 N and linear mass density is 0.25 kg/m.
Sol. velocity of pulse = f= = 20 m/s
Now
0 = 205+ Vee
Voc = -20i m/s
TRANSMITTED POWER ALONG THE STRING THROUGH A SINE WAVE
When a travelling wave is on a string, energy gets transmitted in direction of propagating
wave, in two different forms : kinetic energy and potential energy.
Average Power (P) can be expressed as, P_, = 2x! fA? jv,
Derivation of Average Power:
‘Suppose equation of the wave is:
Power = F,V,
p= (Fine) 8Y =F sino 5%
ae ae ae
16. Here F is tension in the string F = uv? and
For small angle sind = tand = & and as y= Asin (o(-2)} so
RIS
Putting the values P
or P= waver cos? (ofr-)}
v
Average value of cos' (e (t - )
Average power
= LyvAte? Aso = nf i So Average Power
= Energy Transferred = i pdt Energy transferred in one time = PavT(energy stored in one wavelength) Intensity: it is amount of energy transferred per second per unit cross section area perpendicular to the direction of travelling wave. Power Pe gh t= OW = = 5 =
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