ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

01026204

Class II

Surin Khomfoi, Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Renewable Energy Application Laboratory (REAL)
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
01026204

Class II

Surin Khomfoi, Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Renewable Energy Application Laboratory (REAL)
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
Basic Component and Electric Circuits
# Charge
# Positive charge (proton)
# Negative charge (electron)
“This class electron flow is relevant”
# Battery, Diode and Transistor
internal positive charge motion is important
But We focus on external
electron flow to the devices or connecting wire

Change in motion of charge is a current

 # The unit of charge is coulomb (C)

Definition
pararnat
“1 ampere corresponds to 1 coulomb of charge
passing through the arbitrarily cross section in 1 second”
Q constant quantity of charge
(time invariant)
q(t) or q change with time The instantaneous
(time variant) amount of changes
Current
dq _____(1)
i
dt
1 amp or ampere = 1 coulomb per
second

French physicist A.M. Ampere

By using (1) we can compute
instantaneous current einrich

Again ! i instantaneous value (time variant)

I constant (time invariant)
The charge transferred between time to and t

q( t ) t


q( t )
dq   idt
0 t0

q(t )   idt  q(t0 )

t0
Several types of current

is
-average
ac
value

dc-has average

direct current sinusoidal current

d2 ↓>

Exponential current Damped current

 sin

# It is convenient to think of current as

the motion of positive charge, even though money
in
it is known that the current flow in
bank
metallic conductors results from electron

“same current”

Net positive charge Net negative charge

3 C/s is moving to the -3 C/s is moving to the
right in each second left in each second
Note : “Transfer of charge” “Change in motion”
So we need both “numberical value and a
direction”

(a) and (b) Incomplete, improper and incorrect of

a current
(c) the correct definition of i1(t)
Practice In the wire of Fig. 2.7, electrons are
moving left to right to create a current
of 1 mA. Determine I1 and I2

Fig 2.7

Ans I1 = -1 mA ; I2 = +1 mA
 mir
Voltage
Assume pushing charge through the
element requires an expenditure of
energy. We then say that an
electrical voltage (or potential different)
exist between the two terminals.
Unit Volt 1 volt is 1 J/C
voltage is represented by V or v
# A voltage can exist between a pair of electrical
terminals whether a current is flowing or not Battery
# Energy forcing charge to element will apparel
somewhere, “heat, acoustic energy” store in some
form”
# If positive current is entering terminal A of the
element and an external source must expend energy
to establish this current, then terminal A is positive
with respect to terminal B
-
sornn Assign positive/negaive

B is 5 V positive to A

A is 5 V positive to B
Note : The definition of any voltage must include
a plus-minus sign pair!
Practice For the element in Fig. 2.11, v1 = 17 V
Determine v2

Fig 2.11

Ans v2 = -17 V
I
Power P or p One joule of energy is
Generate expended in transferring on coulomb
Y source
of charge through the device in one
Absorload second (J/s) then the rate is watt.

P = v.i J/s = watt

J/C C/s

The absorbed power must be proportion both

to the number of coulombs transferred per second
(current) and to the energy needs to transfer one
coulomb through the element (voltage)
 The power absorbed by
element is giving by the
product

P = v.i
load

or we can say the element

generate or supplies a power

- v.i
Example
We have 2 C/s
2A

P = 5 (J/C) x 2 (C/s)
= 10 J/s = 10 Watt

We need 5J of energy to Absorbed power

move each column of positive
charge into A and out at B

2A
P = -5 (J/C) x -2 (C/s)
2A = + 10 Watt
-2A
Absorbed power
S
2A

P = -5 (V) x 2 (A)
= - 10 Watt

Negative
absorbed power

This object is actually supplied power !

Note :
If a current i is entering the element that has
v volts Positive, then power is being absorbed.
i
+ P = absorbed
v
- P = supplied &

If the current arrow is directed out of the

+ terminal of an element, p = vi is supplied
power
i
+ P = supplied
v
- P = absorbed
Example compute power absorbed be each element

Load Load Source

P = (3A).(2V) P = (-3A).(-2V) P = (4V).(-5A)

P = 6 W P = 6 W P = -20 W
absorbed 6W absorbed 6W absorbed -20W
So, supplied 20W
Practice
2.6 Find the power being absorbed

P = IV

= (4 2)
. (20mV)
P absorbed = v.i
= 220 x 10-3 (V) x 4.6 (A)
= 1.012 W

-
2.7 Find power being generated by the circuit
current flow out from +

P gen = (-1.75) A x (-3.8) A

= 6.65 W
PEIV
= ( 3.
-
572-175)
Practice
2.8 Find power being delivered to the circuit at
t = 5 ms

P = [V
=>
(8ety (-3 2A)
.

delivered = absorbed current flow to +

=

-(100 x 5 x 10 -3)
P deliver = 8.e V x (-3.2) A
= -15.5 W
voltage and current source
# simple circuit element

Classify by the relationship of the current through

the element to the voltage across the element.

# Resistor Voltage is linear with current

# Inductor Voltage is derivative of current
to time (Ind. current)
# Capacitor Voltage is integral of current
to time (Ind. voltage)
Independent voltage source
Ideal source !

Battery in car
can supplied and absorbed
Source Source
absorbed supply
the energy (charge)
power power

“An independent voltage source is characterized by

a terminal voltage which is completely independent
of the current through it”

Batt x

2 .220cos2π(5)t V
 20A
Independent current source

“it can deliver infinite power

from its terminal because it
produces the same finite current
for any voltage across it”

Be careful it is not zero

voltage across it.
symbol
it depend on the entire circuit
which it is connected
Dependent sources
dependent or controllable source. Normally,
appear in the equivalent electrical models for many
electronic devices. Transistor, operational amplifier
and integrated circuit and use diamond symbols.
Voltage Current
controlled controlled
current voltage

Current Voltage
controlled controlled
current voltage
Example
In the circuit of Fig. 2.19a if v2 = 3V find vL
A
B

T
& 8

ar

vL = 5v2
&

so v2 = 3v
vL = (5 x 3) V
↓

vL = 15 V S
 Practice
Find the power absorbed by each element in the
circuit in Fig 2.20
t -

X X
28 (0 25 7- 12)
.

8(-7]
-

&

A C 20(5)
2(8)

From left to right

(1) Independent current source
P = 8V x (-7)A = -56 W (generate)
(2) Load A
P = 8V x 2A = 16 W (absorbed)
(3) Load B
P = (-12)V x 5A = -60 W (generate)
-

(4) Load C
P = (20)V x 8A = 160 W (absorbed)
(5) Dependent current source
P = -(12)(0.25) x 20V = -60 W (generate)
-

P = (-56 - 60 - 60) + (16 + 160)

= -176 + 176

P  0
Note :
# Active element sources deliver power
# Passive element receiving power
but some can store energy
a
Network and circuit

Network : Two or more simple circuit

elements interconnection

Circuit : Network at least on closed part

Note :
Every circuit is a network, but net all networks
are circuit
Circuit

Network

d
Mosfet

g
s
Ohm’s Law
German physicist
Georg Simon Ohm in 1827

v =i.R

The voltage across connecting materials is

directly proportional to the current flowing through
the material.
 where the constant of proportionality R is called
the resistance. Unit Ohm or Ω which 1V or 1 V
1A A
R =

P
A
2Ω linear resistor
Idealized resistor
(simple circuit)

Some circuit is non-linear!

2
P  v.i  i 2 .R  v
R
Example
428 mA
Calculate voltage across and power
560 Ω
it is dissipating !

v = R.i =(560 Ω) x 428 mA

=239.7 V
P = v.i =239.7 V x 428x10-3 A
=102.6 W
2 2
v 239.7 V
P = = 102.6 W
R 560R

= i2.R = (428x10-3)2 . 560 Ω = 102.6 W

Practice

(1) Find R if I = -1.6 mA and v = -6.3 V

R v
 6.3V
  3.94 kΩ
i  1.6mA
(2) The absorbed power if v = - 6.3 V and R = 21 Ω
 6.3V
i  0.3A
21Ω
P = v.i = (- 6.3 V) x (- 0.3 A) = 1.89 Watt

(3) Find i if v = 8V and R is absorbing power 0.24 W

0.24
i  - 0.03 A
 8V
Conductance
For a linear resistor, the radio of current to
voltage is also a constant
i 1
 G
v R
where G = conductance SI Unit Siemens (S)
A Ω
= 1
V 2
P  v.i  v2 .G  i
G
1
The resistance 2Ω = S if a current 5A is flowing
2
through, then the voltage 10V is presented and
absorbed power equals to 50W
↑
instantaneous
A
X
P = v.i
v(t) = R.i(t) Short form !
P(t) = v(t).i(t)

if v = 2 sin100t V and I = 0.2 sin100t A

So Power is = 0.4 sin2100t W Never negative for

absorbed power
Short
~ circuit Resistance = zero ohm
v = i.R = 0
Open circuit Resistance = infinite ohms
V
i 0
R
 Homework # 1
Chapter 2 :
8 (a)/ 12/ 15/ 18/ 23/ 25/ 29/ 31
 Homework # 1
Chapter 2 :
8 (a)/ 12/ 15/ 18/ 23/ 25/ 29/ 31
 Homework # 1
Chapter 2 :
8 (a)/ 12/ 15/ 18/ 23/ 25/ 29/ 31