REVIEWER: QUIZ 2 – COST ELEMENTS

SITE PREPARATION AND EXCAVATION • Is the most extensively used in

construction – durable, moldable
Key: activities in site preparation (5)
and strong.
• CLEARING SITE
Components of Concrete Works
• GRADING AND LEVELING
• EXCAVATION • Formworks
• DEWATERING • Used in construction to shape and
• MARKING AND SURVEYING support concrete.
• Reinforcement (Rebars)
FOUNDATION WORKS
• It is a steel bars or mesh, embedded
Foundation in concrete to improve its tensile
strength.
- • Mixing and Pouring
Two types of foundation: • Standard: 1(cement): 2 (sand) : 3
(gravel)
1. Shallow foundation • Curing
• Strip Foundation or Continuous • Is a process of maintaining
Foundation moisture, temperature, and time for
• Commonly used in construction to its full strength and durability –
support load-bearing walls. concrete.
• Or it is an continuous strip of • 7 day: 70% strength id achieved
concrete that runs beneath the wall. • 28 days: full curing, concrete reach
• Pad Foundation is design strength.
• It is also known as isolated footing.
• Used to support individual point MASONRY WORKS
loads – typically column. Masonry – staple of construction for centuries , used for
• A type if foundation that is placed both load bearing and non – load bearing walls. Is a
directly under a structural column of construction techniques that involve assembling
post. individual units and binding them together with mortar.
• Raft or Mat Foundation
• It is a large concrete slab that Types of Masonry
supports multiple columns and 1. Brick Masonry
walls. • Laying bricks in a systematic pattern
2. Deep foundation 2. Block Masonry
• Pile Foundation • Uses concrete block in construction
• Used when the surface is too weak to 3. Reinforced Masonry
support a building’s load, therefore • Is a type of masonry works that uses
the building transfers its weight deep steel reinforcement embedded within
into the earth through a long, slender bricks or blocks masonry.
columns called piles.
• Pier Foundation or Drilled Shaft or STEEL STRUCTURAL WORKS
Board Pile
Steel - offers high strength to weight ratio, flexibility
• Used to support heavy vertical loads and speed of construction.
specially when surface of soils is too
weak. Key components of Steel Works:

CONCRETE WORKS 1. Steel Member

Concrete
REVIEWER: QUIZ 2 – COST ELEMENTS
• Like beam, column, truss or brace – • Made by bonding multiple layers of
individual structural elements made wood boards arranged crosswise to
of steel. form thick, strong panels.
2. Welding B. NLT (Nail Laminated Timber)
• Fabrication process that joins two or • Made by assembling wood boards
more pieces of metal nailed together to form solid panels
3. Bracing and Framing
Properties of Timber
• Framing is the skeleton, bracing is
the muscle that makes it stable • Strength
under pressure. - Tensile and compressive
4. Surface Treatment strength
• Used to modify the surface of a • Ductility
material. - Can deform and absorb
• Like improving adhesion, corrosion energy through bending and
resistance, appearance or durability. cracking.
• Durability
TIMBER ELEMENTS
- Resist decay, insects and
Timber - is a natural and sustainable material derived moisture
from wood. • Workability
- Easy to cut, shape and join
Types of Timber:
• Aesthetic Appeal
1. Solid Timber - Offers natural beauty
• A natural, sawn wood directly form • Thermal and Acoustic Properties
trees - Good insulation and sound
2. Engineered Wood dampening
• Made by combining woods strands, • Sustainability
particles or veneers with adhesive to - Renewable and carbon –
improve performance. sequestering material
a. Glulam (Glued Laminated
IMPORTANCE AND CHALLENGES IN
Timber)
SELECTION
• Made by bonding layers of solid
wood together with strong adhesives Importance:
b. LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber)
1. Structural Integrity
• Composed of thin wood veneers
- Ensure safe load support and
glued together with grains aligned in
resistance
the same direction.
2. Performance
c. OSB (Oriented Strand Board)
- Maximize strength and
• Made from wood strands arranged
durability
in layers and bonded with resin
3. Cost Efficiency
adhesives under heat pressure.
- Controls budget, reduce
3. Mass Timber
waste, and lowers
• Modern construction material
maintenance.
composed of large, engineered wood
4. Sustainability
panels or beams that provide strength
- Lowers carbon footprint and
and stability for multistory and large
support eco-friendly
scale structures sustainably and
building.
efficiently.
5. Environmental Adaptability
A. CLT (Cross Laminated
- Matches timber to local
Timber)
climate
REVIEWER: QUIZ 2 – COST ELEMENTS
Challenges: without needing extra
beams.
1. Variety of Option
- Many timber types and Hollow Core Slab
engineered products
- A type of slab that is a
2. Balancing Cost and Quality
precast concrete panels with
- Finding affordable materials
long hollow tubes running
that still meet performance
through them lighter and
and durability
easier to install while still
3. Environmental Impact
being strong enough to
- Selecting materials that
support floors and roofs of a
reduce carbon emissions and
building.
support sustainability
4. Availability and Supply Chain Concrete Floor Slab Construction
- Geographic location and
market demand can affect 1. Assemble and erect Formwork for Slab
timber availability and 2. Prepare and place reinforcement slab
delivery. 3. Pour, compact and finish concrete slab
5. Compliance with Standard 4. Curing concrete and removing formworks
- Timber must meet all local Types of Foundation Slab
and international codes and
regulations. Conventional Slab

SLAB CONSTRUCTION - A flat concrete slab poured

directly on prepared grounds
Slab Construction with thicker edges for
- Is a building technique support, commonly used in
where a flat, horizontal warm climates and cost-
structural element, usually effective foundation.
made of reinforced concrete, T-shaped Foundation
is used to create floors or
roofs. - A slab with deep, thick
footing poured below the
Types of Slabs frost line to prevent freezing
Ribbed Slabs damage, providing a stable
foundation ideal for cold
- A type of slab for concrete region and heavy structures.
floors that have a series of
long, narrow beam (ribs) Post- Tensioned Slab
running underneath them to - A concrete slab strengthened
provide extra strength while by the tension steel cables
less concrete, making the inside it, making it more
slab lighter but still strong. durable and flexible for
Waffle Slab heavy loads and shifting
soils, often used in large
- A type concrete slab with a commercial project.
grid pattern of ribs running
in two direction underneath, WATERPROOFING
creating a strong but Waterproofing
lightweight floor or ceiling
that can span large spaces
REVIEWER: QUIZ 2 – COST ELEMENTS
- Prevents water from entering - A retaining structure that
or passing through building uses its own weight to hold
surfaces. back soil pressure
- Suitable for 3 meters high.
Embedded Retaining Wall
POLYURETHANE
- A retaining structure that is
Polyurethane
extended deep below
- Used to fill cracks and excavation to use soil
reduces water absorption pressure from underneath
support.
CEMENTITIOUS COATING - Supported internally by floor
Cementitious Coating slab or external ground
alone.
- It is a cement coating and
just usually add by mixing
with water. QUALITY CONTROL AT TESTING
PVC WATERPROOFING Quality Control at testing: key action
PVC Waterproofing Membrane 1. Inspect materials and preparation
- Excellent in keeping water 2. Verify dimension and placement
out while allowing moisture 3. Concrete Quality test
to escape. 4. Monitor Construction Process
5. Post-construction testing
RETAINIG WALL
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS
Retaining Wall
Architectural Works
- Is a structure built to hold
back or support the soil - Pertain to the aesthetic and
behind it. It prevents the soil functional components of a
from sliding or eroding structure, focusing on
away. finishes, form and spatial
- Purpose: quality.
a. Prevent soil erosion or Architectural Works include: (9)
collapse
b. Create flat usable space 1. Masonry Works
in hilly terrain 2. Waterproofing Works
c. Support vertical or near 3. Ceiling Works
vertical changes in 4. Tile Works
ground level. 5. Glass and Glazing Works
- How it works? 6. Door and Window Installation
a. Using their weight and 7. Painting and Finishing
mass 8. Joinery and Cabinet Works
b. Structural reinforcement 9. Special Finishes
c. Proper drainage for
LANDSCAPE WORKS
water built-up
Landscape work consists of 8 parts:
Retaining Structures
1. Earthwork and grading
Gravity Retaining Wall
2. Hardscaping
REVIEWER: QUIZ 2 – COST ELEMENTS
3. Irrigation system - A device used to change
4. Soft scaping voltage of an alternating
5. Water feature current (AC)
6. Light feature
Circuit Breaker
7. Site furnishing
8. Green walls and roofs - Designed to protect
electrical circuit.
MEPFS
Electrical Panels
M-MECHANICAL SYSTEM
- Also called breaker panels or
- Collection of equipment and
distribution board.
components designed to
- Are the central hubs of
provide essential services as
distributing electricity
HVAC (heating, ventilation
throughout the building.
air conditioning) and other
systems like elevator and Grounding
escalator.
- Connect parts of the
3 main parts: electrical system directly to
the earth
Escalator
Wires
- A mechanical system, more
suitable for short - Serves as the pathway for
movement, covering the both powers and signal
distance of single or at most
two floors. P – Plumbing System

HVAC System - Designed to distribute water

and remove waste water in
- Heating, ventilation, air the building.
conditioning
- A mechanical system 3 main components:
designed to control Pipes
temperature, humidity and
air condition in a building. - Use to transport water and
waste water safely.
Elevator
Valves
- A mechanical system,
mainly used in multi-story - Used to control water flow
building to transport.
Water Tanks
E – ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
- This is where the water is
- Network of components stored.
designed to safely supply,
F -FIREFIGHTHING
distribute, and control
electrical power. - Designed to prevent, detect
and protect the property and
5 Main Components
inhabitants against the fire
Transformer
3 Main Components:
Fire Alarm
REVIEWER: QUIZ 2 – COST ELEMENTS
- Used to detect fire and alert - Government-imposed
people to evacuate. charges
Fire Extinguisher Contingencies and Escalations
- Used to quickly put out - Allocated budget to
small amount of fire. accommodate future price
increases or unforeseen
Fire Exit
supply issues.
- Used for safe and quick
Types of Material Cost: (7)
escape route for fire
emergency. Fixed Material Cost
MATERIAL COST - Material price are fixed
Material Cost Variable Material Cost
- The total financial outlay - Material Cost are dependent
required. on the variation in the
- 50% to 70% of the total market.
project costs.
Direct Material Cost
- Critical components of cost
estimation - Prices for supplies are
directly connected to
Importance and Relevance of Material Cost
building
a. Project Cost Estimation
Indirect Material Cost
b. Project Procurement
c. Tendering and Contracting - The price of the material but
d. Cost Monitoring and Control not permanently for a
e. Sustainability and Efficiency building.
Components of Materials Cost: (6) Recurring Material Cost
Detailed Material Cost - A price that are recurred
often
- Cost of basic construction
materials Non-recurring Material Cost
Transportation and Delivery Cost - A price for one time
procurement for specific
- Charges for moving
building requirements
materials from the supplier
to the site Bulk Purchase Discount
Handling and Storage Cost - Large volume transaction
could decrease the cost of
- Site-level management costs
each unit.
Wastage and Loss Cost
LABOR COST
- A percentage of materials is
Labor cost
typically added to cover
potential site wastage, - Refers to the amount of
breakage, or theft money an employer in
Taxies, Duties and Levies
REVIEWER: QUIZ 2 – COST ELEMENTS
paying wages and benefits - Employers must handle
for employees. several payroll taxes
Components of Labor Cost: (4) Overtime
Direct labor Cost - Pertains to any hours an
employee works that are
- salaries given to employees
beyond their usual
who are actively engaged in
scheduled working hours
the construction activities.
- covers hourly wages, Paid Time Off
salaries, overtime pay,
- A timeframe, like days or
bonuses, and benefits.
weeks, during which a
Indirect labor Cost worker is legally permitted
to be absent from work
- staff who assist in the
while continuing to receive
construction process, yet do
their salary from their
not physically participate in
employer.
the work on-site.
Wage Rates and Salaries
Overhead Cost
- The fundamental hourly rate
- extra costs necessary to
or set salary given to
facilitate the project
workers constitutes
Fringe Benefits
Bonuses and Commission
- Compensations such as
- Incentive based bonuses and
health insurance, retirement
sales commissions
plans, and paid leave
Challenges in labor: Cost Estimation (5)
Types of Labor: (3)
Inaccurate Productivity Rates
Skilled Labor
- These inaccuracies may
- Pertains to employees who
arise from multiple factors,
possess specific training or
such as depending on static
expertise.
productivity rates without
Semi-skilled labor accounting for personal
situations, misreading
- Involves tasks that don't information, and
demand extensive training overlooking the significance
or specialized skills of employee welfare.
Unskilled Labor Variable Labor Rates
- Describes individuals who - Indicate the variable salaries
lack specific skills and and other related expenses
typically have no formal of labor that vary directly
education with production or business
Factors Affecting Labor Cost: (5) operations

Payroll taxes Unclear or Incomplete Plans

REVIEWER: QUIZ 2 – COST ELEMENTS
- When project drawings or construction, excavation, or
specifications lack details, it land development projects.
becomes difficult to
Compaction
determine the actual labor
required, resulting in - machinery used to compress
estimates that rely on soil, gravel, asphalt, or other
assumptions for costs. materials to increase density
and stability.
Scope Changes or Rework
Lifting
- If there are changes to the
project scope or errors - known as lifting gear, refers
occur, employees must redo to any equipment used to lift
tasks (rework), resulting in and lower loads.
additional labor costs that
were not anticipated. Excavating

Lack of Historical Data - refers to the machinery and

tools used to dig, move, and
- Without historical data from transport earth and other
comparable projects, materials during
challenging to it's make construction, demolition,
precise estimates. Historical and landscaping projects.
data aids in establishing
achievable labor cost Foundation
standards. - the machinery, tools, and
systems used to create the
foundation of a structure.
EQUIPMENTS
Asphalting
ACEL (ASSOCIATIONS OF CARRIERS AND
EQUIPMENT LESSORS) - refers to the machinery and
tools used in all stages and
- Guidebook of asphalt pavement
- Pricing reference construction maintenance.
- Estimating cost
- Project budgeting Concreting
- Standardizing rates - refers to the various tools
- Cost control and machinery used in all
Construction equipment stages of concrete work,
from mixing and
- defined as the machinery, transporting to placing,
tools, and vehicles used in finishing, and even
the construction process demolition and recycling.
Types of Equipment (10) Plant
Earthmoving - are machinery and tools
used for a variety of tasks
- refers to heavy machinery
on a construction site.
used to move large
quantities of earth, rock, or Cable Stringing
other materials during
REVIEWER: QUIZ 2 – COST ELEMENTS
- encompasses the machinery
and tools used in every
stage of concrete work,
from mixing and
transporting to placing,
finishing, and even
demolition and recycling.
Miscellaneous
- encompasses a broad range
of tools, instruments, and
smaller items crucial for a
project's success, but which
don't fit into more specific
categories like heavy
machinery or specialized
tools. This includes items
used for various tasks
throughout the construction
process