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A.Krishnaveni, P.V.P.Meenakshi, II Year B.Tech (I.T), II Year B.Tech (I.T), 661251032 661251076

The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 4G. 1G introduced the first wireless networks in the 1970s using analog signals, but had limitations like low capacity and coverage. 2G in the 1980s used digital networks like GSM and addressed some 1G issues. 2.5G in the 1990s added data capabilities. 3G starting in the late 1990s added multimedia and higher speeds up to 2Mbps. 4G networks beginning in 2010 aim for speeds up to 50 times faster than 3G, with capabilities like virtual reality and holograms. Future technologies may allow conveying feelings through new interfaces like avatars.

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42 views8 pages

A.Krishnaveni, P.V.P.Meenakshi, II Year B.Tech (I.T), II Year B.Tech (I.T), 661251032 661251076

The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 4G. 1G introduced the first wireless networks in the 1970s using analog signals, but had limitations like low capacity and coverage. 2G in the 1980s used digital networks like GSM and addressed some 1G issues. 2.5G in the 1990s added data capabilities. 3G starting in the late 1990s added multimedia and higher speeds up to 2Mbps. 4G networks beginning in 2010 aim for speeds up to 50 times faster than 3G, with capabilities like virtual reality and holograms. Future technologies may allow conveying feelings through new interfaces like avatars.

Uploaded by

sweetkrish_482
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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You are on page 1/ 8

BY

A.Krishnaveni, II year B.Tech(I.T), 661251032


krishnaveni_ayyanki@yahoo.co.in

P.V.P.Meenakshi, II year B.Tech(I.T), 661251076


meenakshi_pusa@yahoo.com

S R.K.R.Engineering college, Bhimavaram.

ABSTRACT:
Telecommunications was the most discussed subject of the past decade. From Wi-Fi to Wimax, and from cell phones to smart phones, the sky is the limit for heated debates. For the layman too, things have changed remarkably over the last two decades. There are now diverse media for communication and the rate of phone calls have dropped drastically. With generations of telecom networks behind us, its time to turn the corner and see where we stand today and the shape of things seven years from now.

INTRODUCTION:
The first generation of wireless telecommunication systems, back in the 1970s, had more than ten analogue standards established worldwide. The first generation systems had a low capacity and hit the saturation level soon This forced the development of second generation (2G) systems in 1980s,which took two directions: while the global system for mobile communication(GSM)was chosen by Europe and the US, Japan and Korea adopted the Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)technology. The main aim is to provide global connectivity from person to person, from person to machine and from machine to machine.

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION: MOBILE TECHNOLOGY:


To answer the queries of wired communication and to overcome the difficulties of wires the concept of wireless communication was introduced. Though electromagnetic waves were discovered as communication medium at the end of 19th century, these were put in use for the masses very late .the first system offering mobile telephone service was introduced in the late1940s in US .These single cell systems were severly constrained by restricted

mobility. Low capacity, limited services, and poor speech quality

This made to forward our journey towards the generations of mobile communication technology.

THE FIRST GENERATION:


First generation phones of mobile communication brought a revolution in wirelessed network The design of 1G phones first started in 1970 and was implemented at 1984.the features of 1G are: These were based on the analogue system. Introduction of this new type of wireless phones was a quantum leap in mobile communication, especially in terms of capacity and mobility. The prominent ones among 1Gsystem are Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) and Total Access Communication Systems(TACS). They were of analogue voice, synchronous data up to 9.6kbps. Its core network is of PSTN.

FAILURES OF 1G COMMUNICATION:
1G technology has failed to provide They transmit only analogue voice transformation.

Their coverage area is very much small. They contain mono service only, i.e. they can communicate one person with any one person only. SMSs cannot be done. Their radio frequency is very small of 400-800MHz. Band width is of very small such as 2.4-30kbps. They use telecom network which are of very small use.

THE SECOND GENERATION:


To overcome the difficulties of 1st generation second generation concept was introduced. The following are the most popular 2G standards: Global System Mobile (GMS). Interim Standard-136(IS-136), also known as North American Digital Cellular (NADC). It used digital modulation for improved audio quality. It include Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Personal Digital Communication (PDC). Different standards serve different applications with different levels of mobility, capability and service area. This 2Gnetwork links all the cells together into a single network. The standard service include circuit -switched voice, fax, and data as well as voice mail and its notification.

FAILURES OF 2G COMMUNICATION:
Even though 2G provides much more facilities than 1G and provides more comfort, its failures can be explained as More standards are used in the limits of country or to a restricted area, and are in compatible. Speech transmission still dominates the airways. The driven technique circuit switching is not efficient for communication with multi-user. The coverage area is medium.

Core networks are just telecom networks as in the previous generation. It has a data band width of 14.4kbps.

THE 2.5 GENERATION:


The 2.5 G technologies have evolved to overcome the failures of 2G communication which has the technologies such as: High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD). Enhanced data rates for GSM (EDGE). Its circuit is packet switched; working on the basis of e-mails it sends text and graphics, rich data packets at very fast speed. Transmission control protocol (TCP) provided a virtual extended connection for reliability. The main protocols such as HTTP web servers, SMTP for e-mail, and SNTP for network management. It extends its range from CDMA to Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).

FAIL FAILURES OF 2.5G:


Even after some inventional changes are made from 2G, there are still questions in front of us as: The internet protocol, which is used by packet switching, also has its own weaknesses, such as, circuit switched services are not going to disappear. Although it is an extension to the radio access network ,it requires whole new packet based on IP data links ,servers, and gateways in the core network. Still the speed is very low.

They used telecom networks as in the last two generations. Coverage area also doesnt increased which remained as medium area.

THE THIRD GENERATION:


While 2G systems such as GSM, IS-95, and CDMA one were designed to carry speech and low-bitrate data, 3G systems are being designed solely to provide high-data rate services. This generation of wireless communications attempt to converge various 2G and 2.5Gnetworks into a single uniform system. The 2G telecom networks include both terrestrial and satellite components. The outstanding features of 3G can be given by: They add multimedia facilities to 2.5G phones by allowing video, audio and graphics applications. The idea behind 3Gis to have a single network standard. 3G cellular services known as universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) will sustain higher data rates and opened the door to many internet style applications. UMTS increases transmission speed to 2Mbps per mobile user and establishes a global roaming standard. It will support both packet-switched and circuit-switched data transmission. Users gain access through a combination of terrestrial wireless and satellite transmission. The higher band width of UMTS promises video conferencing and virtual home environment.

FAILURES OF 3G COMMUNICATION:
Failures of 3G can be given by : Difficulty in continuously increasing bandwidth and high data rate to meet multimedia service requirements, together with the coexistence of of different services, needing different QOs and bandwidth. Limitations of spectrum and its allocation. Difficult to roam across distinct service environments in different frequency bands. Lack of end- to-end seamless transport mechanism spanning a mobile sub network and a fixed one.

THE FOURTH GENERATION:


People began to talk about 4G , pretty well before 3G got its fullest possible application.4G being developed to provide data transfer speeds up to 50 times more than of 3G. This is expected to be available in the market by 2010. The constructional features of 4G are: This have rates up to 20Mbps, higher than 3G. Speeds up to 50 times higher than 3G.however the actual bandwidth of 4G is expects to be about 10Mbps. 3Dvirtual reality , imagine personal video avatar and realistic holograms, and the ability to feel as if we are present at an event even if we are not. Increased interaction between corroborating technologies i.e., the smart card of our phone will automatically pay for goods as we pass a linked payment kiosk. Other 4G applications include high performance steaming of multimedia content based on agent technology and scalable media coding methods. One of the key requirements to realize a 4G IP-based access system. 4G will provide better than TV quality images and video links . new standards will need to be developed for use in 4G One of the main concerns about the 4G is that , due to high speed of the frequency, it will experience severe interface from multipath.

FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES:
The 21st century is based to migrate from a materialistic society to a human oriented society which all brings about spiritual affluence. In human communications, its important to convey feelings to communicate smoothly. Although video phones featuring images and virtual reality have accomplished visual communications of the users appearance and the senses of virtual moments of the user in cyberscape, they are alone not enough help to convey feelings. If we can add voice, image, or data and import the real physical sensations that complement feelings, the atmosphere around the user and his\her physical movements in communications.

As an example of new communication styles, being pursued, we are exploring a future technology called avatar inter face that pursues these advanced forms of communications.

CONCLUSION:
In the 21st century, mobile communications is expected to experience the highest growth in the information and communication sector. The number of subscribers steadily increasing in countries around the world. In order to make further progress in future, it is necessary to promptly introduce and spread theIMT-2000 system in every country .To achieve this, it is important to improve on current wireless systems and core networks, explore new service applications, and develop small and highly functional terminals. Technological innovations and challenges must continue in future. REFERENCES: 1. IEEE communication magazine. 2. Electronics for You. 3. www.mobile communications.com

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