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Chemistry: Presented By:-Vikas Lohiya Raunak Bhansali CSE Final Yr

This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including: 1) Chemistry is the science dealing with the composition and properties of substances and their interactions and reactions. 2) Compounds are formed when two or more elements share electrons in ionic bonds or covalent bonds. Water is a polar solvent that can dissolve ionic compounds by attracting opposite charges. 3) Chemical changes, such as combustion reactions, result in new substances whereas physical changes do not alter the identity of substances. Key evidence of chemical changes include gas formation, precipitation, and color changes.

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Raunak Bhansali
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76 views51 pages

Chemistry: Presented By:-Vikas Lohiya Raunak Bhansali CSE Final Yr

This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including: 1) Chemistry is the science dealing with the composition and properties of substances and their interactions and reactions. 2) Compounds are formed when two or more elements share electrons in ionic bonds or covalent bonds. Water is a polar solvent that can dissolve ionic compounds by attracting opposite charges. 3) Chemical changes, such as combustion reactions, result in new substances whereas physical changes do not alter the identity of substances. Key evidence of chemical changes include gas formation, precipitation, and color changes.

Uploaded by

Raunak Bhansali
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEMISTRY

PRESENTED BY:Vikas Lohiya Raunak Bhansali CSE Final Yr

CHEMISTRY
The science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions

Happines
Unhappy Unstable HIGH energy
Happy Stable LOW energy
3

Reactants (unstable)

Products (stable)

Reactants (stable)

Products (unstable)
4

When electrons are accelerated and then stopped, a photon of light will be generated.

The building blocks of Chemistry


Hydrogen Nitrogen-7

Carbon-6

Oxygen-8
6

Hydrogen

Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons.


Carbon-6

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

When electrons are shared, they dont just stay around the element that first owned them.

Hydrogen
7

Water: the Universal Solvent


One side of water is negatively charged because the oxygen atom keeps the shared electrons longer than the hydrogen atoms. As a result the oxygen side is negatively charged and the hydrogen side of water is positively charged.

Water: the Universal Solvent


Water has positive and negative poles and thus called a polar solvent. The negative end of water will be attracted to the positive sodium ion. The positive end of water will be attracted to the negative chloride ion. Being always in motion, it will pull on the ionic compound and move the ions away from each other. This dissolves the ionic compound.

Na+

Cl-

Wax does not repel water


Water is so attracted to other water molecules that anything between them is squeezed out of the way.

Oil droplet

10

Cation

an ion with a positive charge.

Anion

an ion with a Negative charge.

I O N

11

Cations H+ + Na +2 Mg Ca+2 +1 Ag Hydrogen Sodium Magnesium Calcium Silver


12

Metal oxide Cations


Fe+2 +3 Fe Cu+1 +2 Cu + NH4 Iron (II) Ferrous Iron (III) Ferric Copper (I) Cuprous Copper (II) Cupric Ammonium
13

Anions
-1 F

-1 Cl
-1 Br -1 I

Fluoride Chloride Bromide Iodide


The Halogens
14

Anions

-1 OH

NO2-1 -1 NO3
-3 PO4 -2 SiO4 SO4-2

Hydroxide Nitrite Nitrate

-3 MoO4 B4O7-2

Phosphate Silicate Sulfate Molybdate Borate

15

Ionic bond
A chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion

Li
2 1

F
2 1

16

Ionic bond
+1 Li
2 1

-1 F
2 1

The attraction between a cation and an anion.


17

SALT - a Cation and an Anion


held together by an ionic bond.

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Covalent bond when two atoms share a pair of electrons.

P+1

P+1

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Covalent bond when two atoms share a pair of electrons.


P+1 P+1

Its like both atoms have a filled orbital.


20

Metallic Bond the sharing of valence


electrons by neighboring metal atoms.

21

Physical vs. Chemical Changes


Physical changes occur when substances or objects undergo a change without changing into another substance
Chemical changes are changes substances undergo when they become new or different substances.

22

Physical vs. Chemical Changes


Remember that after a: Physical change objects identity remains the same
Usually involves energy (like heat) and states of matter. Melting of ice cream is an example of a physical change.

23

Chemical Change
Chemical change objects identity changes

Chemical changes happen on a molecular level Burning of a candle is an example of a chemica change.

24

25

Properties and changes showing Combustibility Chemical reactions


Reactivity
(i.e. reactivity, combustibility, Gas formation development of a gas, formation of Precipitate precipitate, and change in color).
Color change
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Reactivity The tendency to undergo a chemical change.


27

H Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

He
Ne

Ar

28

Combustion chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, producing gases and light (flames).

29

Combustibility The tendency to react with Oxygen, releasing heat.

O2

BURNING

30

evidence of Chemical Change: development of a gas formation of precipitate change in color

31

Precipitate - the
formation of insoluble ionic compounds.
Does NOT dissolve in solution.

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Reaction
Process in which one or more substances are changed into others

Reaction Type

Nuclear
Protons & Neutrons change

Chemical

Physical

Bonds No change in made/ broken atoms phase Electrons change exchanged Density 33

Simple Reactions
Synthesis
(Combination)

Decomposition

Single Replacement

Double Replacement

34

A + Synthesis
Decomposition

B AB

AB A + B
A +CB

Single AB + C Replacement
Double A B + C D Replacement

AD + C B
35

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The study of chemicals that make up living things.

Main categories
Sugars (carbohydrates)
Proteins Fats (lipids)

Biochemical

DNA

Hair, nails and muscles are made of Proteins

Protein structure

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins


H

N O C

O
Glycine Alanine

H
H

N
H

C
H

acid

Amino

H
H

Glycine is the simplest of the amino acids. Lets now make alanine.

Sugars
Sugars are called carbohydrates. They are made of a circle of carbons and one oxygen. They can be linked in a chain to form COMPLEX sugars.

CO C C CC

Fatty

Acids are a kind of Fat or oil. They are basically a chain of carbons, with a COOH group.
COOH group

Fats (lipids)

DNA is stored in the Nucleus (center) of the cell.

Acid
any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt

44

Base
any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water

45

Highly corrosive! pH- the amount of H+ ions in a solution. ACID extra H+1 ions (protons) BASE fewer H+1 ions. extra OH+1 ions.

Remember: Low pH = high acidity

Highly corrosive!46

pH H2O 1 2 3 10 100 1000

H+ 1 1 1

Strong ACID HCl Hydrochloric acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid HNO3 Nitric acid
Weak ACID

CH3COOH Acetic acid H2CO3 Carbonic acid Citric acid


47

pH paper
Containing a universal indicator, pH paper is paper that can be defined as the product used to determine acidity levels of solutions. Litmus paper will demonstrate a color change based on the acidity of solution. A red color change indicates acidic solution, while blue shows basic.

Red Litmus paper

Blue Litmus paper


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Catalyst a substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction. It is unchanged at the end of the reaction.
49

Platinum catalyst 2 CO + O2 Pt 2 CO2


stabilized intermediates

50

Thank you
Jared Chadwick said

Chemistry plays an important role in life. Everyday


chemistry is about us, and everyday we use chemistry.
Without it we would not be able to survive.

51

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