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Intersection Control 1

This document provides an overview of highway engineering concepts related to intersections and traffic control. It discusses different types of intersections like at-grade and interchanges. Important design considerations for intersections include reducing conflicts between road users, improving efficiency and safety. Traffic control devices are used to regulate, warn or guide traffic and include signs, pavement markings and traffic signals. Traffic signals separate traffic movements in phases with elements like green, yellow, red intervals and intergreen periods. Different types of signal controllers include pretimed, semi-actuated and actuated systems.

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379 views30 pages

Intersection Control 1

This document provides an overview of highway engineering concepts related to intersections and traffic control. It discusses different types of intersections like at-grade and interchanges. Important design considerations for intersections include reducing conflicts between road users, improving efficiency and safety. Traffic control devices are used to regulate, warn or guide traffic and include signs, pavement markings and traffic signals. Traffic signals separate traffic movements in phases with elements like green, yellow, red intervals and intergreen periods. Different types of signal controllers include pretimed, semi-actuated and actuated systems.

Uploaded by

ankitbalyan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 401

Highway Engineering

Intersection
Control and Design

Rakesh Kumar
Learning Objectives
• To distinguish different types of
intersections
• To define design objectives and
considerations
• To distinguish different types of control
devices and their purposes
• To define and calculate fundamental
elements of a traffic signal timing system
(Chapter 8, p.287-303)
Intersections
• Why are they important?
• Types:
– At-grade intersections
– Interchanges
– Grade separation
At-grade Intersections
• At-grade: same level
Interchanges
• utilize grade separation
Intersection Design
• Reduce conflicts between road users
• Improve efficiency and safety
• Consider
– Human factors
– Traffic
– Geometrics
– Economics
Conflicts

Four-leg intersection Staggered-T intersection


Intersection Sight Triangle

Hidden Vehicle
Intersection Sight Triangle
Intersection Sight Triangle
Traffic Control Devices
• Devices used to regulate, warn, or guide
traffic, placed on, over, or adjacent to a
street, highway, pedestrian facility, or
shared-use path by authority of a public
agency having jurisdiction
• Promote safety and efficiency by providing
for the orderly movement of all road users
Traffic Control Devices
• To be effective, a traffic control device
should meet five basic requirements:
– Fulfill a need
– Command attention
– Convey a clear, simple meaning
– Command respect from road users
– Give adequate time for proper response
• Communication is the key!
Types of Control Devices
• Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices, FHWA

http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/HT
M/2003r1/html-index.htm
– Provide guidelines for
adopting any particular type
of intersection control, in
the form of warrants
Signs
• Convey information through their shape,
color, message, and placement
Channelization
• Separate or regulate conflicting
movements
• Define paths of travel
• Use traffic islands or pavement markings
Channelization
Rotaries and Roundabouts
• Channelized intersections with a central
circle surrounded by a one-way roadway
Uncontrolled Intersections
• Sufficient stopping sight distance is crucial

Is sufficient stopping sight


distance provided?
Traffic Signals
• Purposes
– Improve overall safety
– Decrease average travel time and increase
capacity through an intersection
– Equalize the quality of service for all or most
traffic streams
• Separate individual movements in time
rather than in space
A Bit of History…
• While other inventors are reported to have
experimented with and even marketed their own
three-position traffic signals, Garrett A. Morgan
was the first to apply for and acquire a U.S.
patent for such a device. The patent was
granted on November 20, 1923. Morgan later
had the technology patented in Great Britain and
Canada as well.
• The Morgan traffic signal was a T-shaped pole
unit that featured three positions: Stop, Go and
an all-directional stop position. The third position
halted traffic in all directions before it allowed
travel to resume on either of the intersection's
perpendicular roads. This feature not only made
it safer for motorists to pass through
intersections, but also allowed pedestrians to
cross more safely.
Basic Timing Elements
• Traffic movements are grouped and allowed to
move in phases

Two-phase signal

Three-phase signal

Four-phase signal
Basic Timing Elements
• Elements within a phase:
– Green interval: the period of the phase during which the
green signal is illuminated.
– Yellow/amber interval: the portion of the phase during
which the yellow light is illuminated.
– All-red interval: the period during which the red light is
illuminated for all approaches
– Intergreen interval: the interval between the end of
green for one phase and the beginning of green for
another phase
Street A

Street B
All-red
Intergreen
Intergreen Period

• Allow each vehicle to stop prior to


entering the intersection or to pass
through without stopping

2
v0
Stop Zone S  t r v0 
2a
Intergreen Period
• Allow each vehicle to stop prior to
entering the intersection or to pass
through without stopping

Go Zone G  v0 I  W  L  W L
Intergreen Period
To Eliminate dilemma zone:
 v0 
2
D  S  G  v0 I  W  L    t r v0    0

 2 a 
v0 W  L
I  tr  
2a v0

Dilemma Zone

G W L

S
Practice Problem
Given the following information pertaining an
intersection and its signal timing:
• Intergreen time of 6 sec
• Intersection width of 60ft
• Level grade with coefficient of friction of 0.5
Does a dilemma zone exist for a 18ft-long
vehicle approaching at 50mph? Assume a
perception-reaction time of 1sec
Types of Signal Controllers
• Pretimed
– Fixed interval lengths in fixed sequence
• Semi-actuated (traffic-adjusted)
– Predefined timing schemes selected based on
traffic flow information
• Actuated
– Varied length and/or sequence of signal indications
– React to arrivals of vehicles/pedestrians
– Isolated or coordinated
Infrared

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