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Nor Azimah Khalid FSKM, Uitm Shah Alam

This document provides an overview of different multiplexing techniques, including: - Analog multiplexing techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM) which combines analog signals by assigning each a different carrier frequency. - Digital multiplexing techniques like time division multiplexing (TDM) which divides the transmission path into time slots and allocates slots to different signals in a round-robin fashion. - Statistical time division multiplexing (STDM) which allocates time slots dynamically based on demand to more efficiently use bandwidth compared to synchronous TDM.

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149 views32 pages

Nor Azimah Khalid FSKM, Uitm Shah Alam

This document provides an overview of different multiplexing techniques, including: - Analog multiplexing techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM) which combines analog signals by assigning each a different carrier frequency. - Digital multiplexing techniques like time division multiplexing (TDM) which divides the transmission path into time slots and allocates slots to different signals in a round-robin fashion. - Statistical time division multiplexing (STDM) which allocates time slots dynamically based on demand to more efficiently use bandwidth compared to synchronous TDM.

Uploaded by

NOl ShAnah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

Nor Azimah Khalid

FSKM, UiTM Shah Alam

Categories of Multiplexing
Multiplexing

Analog

WDM

Digital

FDM

TDM

Synchronous Time
Division Multiplexing

ADSL

Statistical Time
Division Multiplexing

Bandwidth Utilization
Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of
available bandwidth to achieve
specific goals.
Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing; privacy
and anti-jamming can be achieved by spreading.

Multiplexing
Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two

devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of


the devices, the link can be shared
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows
the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals
across a single data link. It allows several
transmission sources to share a larger
transmission capacity.

Categories of
Multiplexing

Frequency Division
Multiplexing

FDM numerous signals are combined for

transmission on a single communications line or


channel. Each signal is assigned a different
frequency (subchannel) within the main channel.
Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required
bandwidth of channel
e.g. broadcast radio and cable television
Channel allocated even if no data

Frequency Division
Multiplexing

Each signal is modulated to a different carrier

frequency
Carrier frequencies separated by guard bands
(unused bandwidth) to prevent interference so
signals do not overlap.

Frequency Division
Multiplexing
FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that
combines analog signals.

Frequency Division
Multiplexing

Frequency Division
Demultiplexing

Example
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 KHz. We

need to combine three voice channels into a link with a


bandwidth of 12 KHz, from 20 to 32 KHz. Show the configuration
using the frequency domain without the use of guard bands

Solution

Shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a different


bandwidth; use the 20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first
channel, the 24- to 28-kHz bandwidth for the second channel,
and the 28- to 32-kHz bandwidth for the third one. Then we
combine them as shown in the next figure

Example

Example
Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be

multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the


link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz between the
channels to prevent interference?

Solution

For five channels, we need at least four guard


bands. This means that the required bandwidth is at
least
5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz,
as shown in next Figure.

Example

Analog Carrier Systems


AT&T (USA)
Hierarchy of FDM schemes to fully utilize the infrastructure
Group
12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
Range 60kHz to 108kHz

Supergroup
60 channel
FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and

612 kHz
Mastergroup
10 supergroups

Analog Hierarchy

Dense Wavelength Division


Multiplexing (DWDM)
Dense wavelength division multiplexing is often called just wavelength
division multiplexing
Dense wavelength division multiplexing multiplexes multiple data streams
onto a single fiber optic line.
Different wavelength lasers (called lambdas) transmit the multiple signals.
Each signal carried on the fiber can be transmitted at a different rate from
the other signals.
Dense wavelength division multiplexing combines many (30, 40, 50, 60,
more?) onto one fiber.

17

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

18

Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing


The original time division multiplexing.
The multiplexor accepts input from attached devices in a round-robin
fashion and transmit the data in a never ending pattern.
T-1 and ISDN telephone lines are common examples of synchronous time
division multiplexing.

19

Synchronous Time Division


Multiplexing
Possible when data rate of medium exceeds

data rate of digital signal to be transmitted


Multiple digital signals interleaved of each
signal in time during transmission
Interleaving can be at bit level of blocks
Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed
Time slots allocated even if no data
Time slots do not have to be evenly
distributed amongst sources

Example

21

TDM

digital process that allows several connections to share the


high bandwidth of a link
each connection occupies a portion of time in the link
TDM is a digital multiplexing technique to combine data.

Interleaving

switches are synchronized and rotate at the same speed but


opposite direction
A process when on the multiplexing side, as the switch opens in
front of a connection, that connection has the opportunity to send
a unit onto the path is called interleaving.

Example

Framin
g

Time slot length = transmitter


buffer length
Each frame contains a cycle of
time slot
Framing bits follow a pattern to
ensure incoming stream
synchronized with demux to
separate time slots accurately

No flag or SYNC characters bracketing TDM frames to manage the

overall TDM link


Must provide synchronizing mechanism
Added digit framing

One control bit added to each TDM frame

Looks like another channel - control channel


Identifiable bit pattern used on control channel
e.g. alternating bit pattern 01010101unlikely to be sustained on a data
channel
Can compare incoming bit patterns on each channel with sync pattern
If pattern not match, successive bit position are search until persist over
multiple frame
When establish, receiver continue monitoring the framing bit channel
If the pattern break, the receiver must again enter a framing search mode

TDM Carrier Standard


North American and International TDM Carrier Standards
North American

International (ITU-T)

Designati
on

Lin
e

No. of
voice
channels

Data
Rate
(Mbps)

Level

No. of
voice
channel

Data Rate
(Mbps)

DS-1

T-1

24

1.544

30

2.048

DS-1C

48

3.152

120

8.448

DS -2

T-2

96

6.312

480

34.368

DS-3

T-3

672

44.736

1920

139.264

DS-4

T-4

4032

274.176

7680

565.178

Statistical Time Division Multiplexing


A statistical multiplexor transmits only the data from active workstations (or
why work when you dont have to).
If a workstation is not active, no space is wasted on the multiplexed
stream.
A statistical multiplexor accepts the incoming data streams and creates a
frame containing only the data to be transmitted.

27

Statistical TDM
In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted
Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically

based on demand
Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until
frame full
Data rate on line lower than aggregate rates of
input lines
Improve efficiency is to allow multiple data
resources to be packed in one single frame

Example

29

To identify each piece of data, an address is included.

30

If the data is of variable size, a length is also included.

31

Statistical Time Division Multiplexing


A statistical multiplexor does not require a line over as high a speed line as
synchronous time division multiplexing since STDM does not assume all
sources will transmit all of the time!
Good for low bandwidth lines (used for LANs)
Much more efficient use of bandwidth!

32

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