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Functional Groups

Hydrocarbon derivatives are compounds formed when hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons are replaced by functional groups such as alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, aldehydes, ketones, amines, amides, and haloalkanes. These functional groups replace hydrogen atoms and are composed of an atom or group of atoms. Hydrocarbon derivatives can be classified based on their functional groups.

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265 views33 pages

Functional Groups

Hydrocarbon derivatives are compounds formed when hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons are replaced by functional groups such as alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, aldehydes, ketones, amines, amides, and haloalkanes. These functional groups replace hydrogen atoms and are composed of an atom or group of atoms. Hydrocarbon derivatives can be classified based on their functional groups.

Uploaded by

Angie Merza Del Rosario
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HYDROCARBON

DERIVATIVES
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES

- are the resulting compounds


when one or more hydrogen
atoms are replaced by another
kind of atom or group of atoms
(called functional groups.)
- These compounds can be
classified as:

HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
Alcohols
Ethers
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Aldehydes
Ketones
Amines
Amides
Haloalkanes

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

- are groups that replace a


hydrogen atom in the
corresponding alkane.
- composed of an atom or
group of atoms.

Functional
Groups

alcohols
Only one oxygen
Has an O-H group
Can be classified as
1/2/3 according to
position of O-H group
on carbon skeleton
They are named as
alkanol

Ethanol
or Ethyl alcoholcommon name

Primary alcohol

H
C H3

Secondary
alcohol

Tertiary alcohol

aldehydes
Only one oxygen
Has a C=O group
C=O group is at the
end of the carbon
chain, so is next door
to a hydrogen atom
They are named as
alkanal

H
H

O
C

H
Ethanal
or Acetaldehydecommon name

ketones
Only one oxygen
Has a C=O group
C=O group is not at
the end of carbon
chain, so is next
door to 2 carbons
They are named as
alkanone

H
Propanone

or Acetone or
dimethylketonecommon name

esters
Has 2 oxygens
One oxygen is part
of a C=O bond, the
H
other is next door,
sandwiched between
two carbons.
They are named as
Alkylalkanoate

H
C
H

O
C
O

H
C
H

Methylethanoate
or methyl
acetate-common
name

carboxylic acids
Has 2 oxygens
Has O-H and C=O
groups on the same
carbon atom
This -COOH group H
has to be at the end
of a carbon chain.
They are named as
alkanoic acid

H
C
H

O
C
O

Ethanoic acid
or acetic acidcommon name

ether
Has 1 oxygen
No O-H or C=O
group
The oxygen is
H
sandwiched between
two carbon atoms
Their common
names end with
-ether

H
O

C
H

Ethylmethylether
or
methoxyethane
(IUPAC name)

Amines
Contain Nitrogen
Has an NH2 group
Can be classified as
1/2/3 according to the
number of carbon atoms
connected to the N
They are commonly
named as alkyl amine

Ethylamine
Or EthanamineIUPAC Name

Amide
Has NH2 and
C=O groups on
the same carbon
H
atom
They are named
as
alkanamide

H
C

O
C

N
H

Ethanamide
or Ethylamidecommon name

Haloalkanes
Have the general formula
R-X where R is an alkyl
group and X is a halogen
They are named as
haloalkanes

Chloroethane
Or ethylchloridecommon name

Cl

What family does it


belong to?
H
H

C
H

O
C
H

Aldehydes

What family does it


belong to?
H

Alcohols

What family does it


belong to?
H
H

C
H

H
O

C
H

Ethers

What family does it


belong to?
H
H

C
H

O
C
O

H
C
H

Esters

What family does it


belong to?

Ketones

What family does it


belong to?

O
C
O

Carboxylic Acids

What family does it


belong to?
H

C
C
H

C
H

O
H

Alcohols

Learning Check
Classify each of the following as: alcohol, ether,
aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine or
amide.
1)

CH3CH2CH2OH

2) CH3OCH2CH3
3) CH3CH2NH2
O

4) CH3COH

5) CH3COCH3

32

Solution
1) CH3CH2CH2OH

alcohol

2) CH3OCH2CH3

ether

3) CH3CH2NH2

amine

4) CH3COH
carboxylic acid

5) CH3COCH3
ester

33

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