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Satellite Communication: Kalpesh B. Panchal Biren A - Patel

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128 views23 pages

Satellite Communication: Kalpesh B. Panchal Biren A - Patel

Uploaded by

Sunil Pillai
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Presented by
GOVT. ENGG. COLLEGE
GANDHINAGAR KALPESH B. PANCHAL
BIREN A . PATEL
SEC : 26
CONTENTS

# Overview of satellite communication


# Satellite orbits
# Spacecraft & its Subsystem
# Multiple access techniques
# Antenna
# Earth stations
# Indian Activities in satellite communication
OVERVIEW

# Satellite communication means communication


through satellites.

# A satellite is held in its circular Or elliptical orbit


trajectory by combination of its gravitational
force and its tangential velocity.

# Satellite forms an essential part of the


telecommunication
ADVANTAGES :

1. Long distance communication with higher capacity.

2. Satellite can be installed rapidly.

3. The mobile communication can be easily achieved by


satellite system as it has a unique degree of flexibility in
interconnecting mobile vehicles.

4. The satellite costs are independent of distance.


DISADVANTAGES :

1. Delay of ¼th second between the transmission


and reception of signal

2. Repairing any part of the satellite after launching is very


difficult.

3. To launch geo-stationary satellite in space more powerful


launch vehicles are required and thus the high cost of
launching can affect the total cost for communication.

4. High free space loss.


PASSIVE SATELLITES
In passive satellite the transmitter of the ground station
requires large power and the receiving station receives a
fraction of that power and then it is amplified by active
electronic means,
like ECHO-I, ECHO-II.

ACTIVE SATELLITES
In active satellite system on board transponder is used by
which the signal the earth Station is received,
amplified,
down converted and retransmitted for another earth
station thus the required power of the transmitting earth
station is law,
like SCORE.
SATELLITE APPLICATIONS
# In communication such as
T.V.,
telephony data transfer
such as E-mail and internet etc.

# Remote sensing and earth observation can be done


by LEO satellites.
# Meteorological applications

such weather survey,


to study different layer and amount of ozone
contents in the atmosphere.

# Military applications

like short distance local communication


from one to another, to study the
location of the enemy, etc.
SATELLITE ORBITS

The path in which the satellite goes around the


earth is called orbit path and the distance from
the centre of the earth to the satellite is called
orbit radius.

Satellite can be classified in terms of altitude


as follows:

# Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite


# Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite
# Geo-stationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite
# Highly Eccentric Orbit (HEO) satellite
ATTITUDE CNNTROL SYSTEM (ACS)
A spacecraft may stabilize in two ways-

Spin stabilization
which maintains the spin axes in the same
direction. Spin stabilization is used for cylindrical shaped
satellites.

Three axes body stabilization


A satellite can rotate about the three axes termed as yaw, roll
and pitch axes. A satellite is stabilized about these axes.
TELEMETRY TRACKING AND COMMAND (TT & C)

# TELEMETRY

# TRACKING

# COMMAND
TRANSPONDER
Transmitter-receiver system taken together is known
as a transponder.

A transponder is the series of interconnected units which


form a single communication channel between the receive
and transmit antennas in a communication satellite.

The choice of the transponder bandwidth depends on the


nature of the signal to be carried by the satellite and the
multiple access technique used.
6/4 GHz BAND
LAUNCHES & LAUNCH VEHICLES

Two technologies can be


used for satellite
launching:

# Expandable launch
vehicle (ELV)

# Space shuttle (STS)


MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

There are three types of multiple


access techniques :

# Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA)

# Time Division Multiple Access


(TDMA)

# Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)


ANTENNA

It is the most important component of an earth


station through which the transmitter and receivers
of earth stations establishes link with the satellite.

An Earth station antenna should have high directive


gain, low noise temperature and
Easily steerable.

There are two types of antennas:


1. Horn Antennas
2. Parabolic Reflector
Radiation Patterns:

1. Spot & Zonal beams:


It covers 10% of earth space. o/p power
required more to focus on particular area.

2. Hemispherical beams:
It covers 20% of earth space. o/p power required
less than 50% compare to spot & zonal beams.

3. Earth (global) beams:


It is covers 42% area of earth surface. Its required power
is less compare to other. Its beam width is more.

Reuse: when frequency band is filled, the capacity


can increase by reuse frequency spectrum.
# By increasing size of Antenna.
# By use of dual polarization.
EARTH STATION
A ground based communication facility capable of
transmitting, receiving and processing data relayed to and
From orbiting satellites .
There are three types of earth stations :

1. Transmit Receive Earth Station:


In this type the earth station can transmit signal for
satellite as well as can receive the signal from
the satellite. Like telephony, data transfer etc.

2. Receive Only Earth station :


These earth stations can receive the signal from a
satellite but not transmit any thing towards the satellite.

These station are mostly used in CATV systems.

3. Transmit only Earth Station :


Here the earth station can transmit signal only towards
The satellite and mostly used in data collection systems.
INDIAN ACTIVITIES IN SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION

In 1972, Indian Space Research Organization


(ISRO) was established at Bangalore under the
department of Space Govt. of India.

The two important experiments were performed


by ISRO scientists for the development of
Satellite program,
which are as follows :

# Satellite Instructional Television Experimental


(SITE) program
# Satellite telecommunication Experiment
project (STEP)
1. Satellite Instructional Television Experimental
(SITE) program
organized between 1975 and 1976 using the ATS-6
satellite of NASA.
This program helped to design and test
uplink stations, testing of TV sets.

2. Satellite telecommunication Experiment


project (STEP) was completed during
1977-79. The project was mainly to
perform experiments with digital satellite

communications, radio networking and


TV transmission with several audio
channels.
APPLE

APPLE was the first Indian experimental


satellite launched in the year of 1981,
had a microwave c-band transponder. It is
very helpful for testing of computer
communication, TDMA communication,
FAX transmission and TV
broadcasting, APPLE thus
gave a strong foundation
to India for fixed satellite
system (FSS) that led to
the development of
INSAT series
Of satellites.
INDIAN NATIONAL SATELLITE SYSTEM
(INSAT)

INSAT is a multipurpose satellite system for


telecommunications, broadcasting,
Meteorology and search services.

INSAT was the largest domestic communication


system In Asia-Pacific region.

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