ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

MAHAYAG ABULOC LABISTE SAGAYNO VILLARUEL

 FUNCTIONS
• Coordinates, together with the nerous system,
the activities of the body
• Involved in the synthesis and secretion of
hormones
• Hormonal functions include:
– Control of energy production and utilization
– Control of the composition of extracellular water
and electrolytes
– Maintains normal growth and development
Major endocrine glands in human
 GLANDS
• A gland is a group of cells that produces and
secretes, or gives off, chemicals.
• Exocrine glands, such as the sweat and
salivary glands, release secretions in the skin
or inside the mouth.
• Endocrine glands, on the other hand, release
more than 20 major hormones directly into
the bloodstream where they can be
transported to cells in other parts of the body.
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Ductless glands that synthesize and secrete
hormones
• a HORMONE is an organic substance needed
by the body in minute quantities to elicit a
specific physiological response
• Hormones are produced by one part of the
body that have an effect on specific target
cells located in different parts of the body
 Hypothalamus
• A small gland about 1.0
cm in diameter located
at the base of the brain
• Intimately associated
with the pituitary gland
• Secretes releasing
hormones that travel via
a portal system and
stimulate the anterior
pituitary
 Pituitary Gland
• A small gland
located at the base
of the brain in the
depression of the
skull
• Connected to the
brain through a
short stalk called
INFUNDIBULUM
 Pituitary Gland
• Divisions of the pituitary
gland
1. Anterior lobe or
adenohypophysis
- Secretes 6 hormones:
FSH, LH(female) or
ICSH(male), luteotrophic
hormone, ACTH, TSH,
STH
2. Posterior lobe or
neurohypophysis
- secretes 3 hormones:
vasopressin, ADH,
oxytocin
 Pineal Gland
• is a small pinecone-
shaped mass of
glandular tissue found
just posterior to the
thalamus of the brain.
• produces the hormone
melatonin that helps to
regulate the human
sleep-wake cycle known
as the circadian rhythm
• inhibited by stimulation
from the photoreceptors
of the retina.
 Thyroid Gland
• Composed of two lobes,
on each side of the
trachea connected by an
ISTHMUS
• Secrete thyroxin that
regulate growth and
development
• Enlargement of this
gland results in a
condition known as
GOITER
 Parathyroid Gland
• Small glandular
bodies located on the
dorsal surface of the
thyroids
• Secrete
parathormones (PTH)
that maintains the
ration of calcium and
phosphorus in the
body
 Thymus Gland
• Located between the
upper part of the
sternum and the
pericardium
• A temporary organ
which reaches greatest
development at age 14
to 16
• Secretes thymosin that
controls metabolic rate
and involved in the
formation of WBC
 Adrenal
Adrenal Cortex
– Secretes cortisol and
aldosterone that causes
gluconeogenesis and
sodium retention and
potassium excretion in the
kidneys respectively
Adrenal Medulla
– two small masses located
above the kidneys
– Secrete epinephrine and
norepinephrine
– Promotes “flight or fight”
reactions during
emergency
 Pancreas
• Both an exocrine and
endocrine gland
• The endocrine part
consists of the islets of
Langerhans that
secrete the hormone
insulin
• Insulin lowers the
blood sugar, little
secretion resulted into
diabetes mellitus
 Gonads
• The interstitial cells
(Leydig cells) of the
testes secrete
testosterone
• The follicles of the
ovary secretes
estrogen, the corpus
luteum secretes
progesterone
 Major Endocrine Glands and their
hormones
GLAND HORMONES MAJOR FUNCTIONS DISORDER FROM DISORDER FROM
TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE
SECRETION SECRETION
Hypothalamus Releasing hormones Stimulates anterior Overactive anterior Underactive anterior
pituitary pituitary pituitary

Anterior Pituitary Thyroid- Stimulated thyroid Overactive thyroid Underactive thyroid

stimulating(TSH)
Adreno- Stimulates adrenal Overactive adrenal Underactive adrenal
corticotropic(ACTH) cortex cortex cortex

Follicle- Regulates egg and Overactive Underactive

stimulating(FSH) sperm production ovaries/testes ovaries/testes

Luteinizing (LH) or Regulates sex Over secretion of sex Under secretion of

interstitial cell- hormones production hormones sex hormones
stimulating (ICSH)

Prolactin(PRL) Causes milk Over secretion of milk Under secretion of

production after milk
giving birth
Growth (GH) Promotes growth Gigantism Dwarfism
 GLAND HORMONES MAJOR FUNCTIONS DISORDER FROM DISORDER FROM
TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE
SECRETION SECRETION

Posterior pituitary Antidiuretic (ADH) Causes water (diverse) Diabetes insipidus

retention by kidneys
Oxytocin Causes uterine
contraction
Pineal Melatonin Inhibits release of Sexual immaturity Sexual maturity
gonadotropin
Thymus Thymosin Regulates Overactive immunity Underactive
development and immunity
functions of immune
system

Thyroid Thyroxin Increases metabolic Exophthalmic goiter Simple goiter,

rate and cellular cretinism
respiration
Calcitonin Decreases plasma Tetany Weak bones
level of calcium

Parathyroid Parathormone (PTH) Increases plasma Weak bones tetany

levels of calcium and
phosphorus
 GLAND HORMONES MAJOR FUNCTIONS DISORDER FROM TOO DISORDER FROM
MUCH SECRETION TOO LITTLE
SECRETION

Adrenal Cortex Cortisol Causes gluconeogenesis

Aldosterone Causes sodium retention Cushing’s syndrome Addison’s syndrome

and potassium excretion
by kidneys

Adrenal Epinephrine and Promotes “flight of fight”

Medulla norepinephrine reactions

Pancreas Insulin Lowers blood sugar Shock Diabetes mellitusis

Glucagon Raises blood sugar

Testes Androgen(testost Promotes secondary male

erone) characteristics

Ovaries Estrogen and Promotes secondary

progesterone female characteristics
 Endocrine System of
Amphibians, Reptiles, Aves and
Osteichthyes
 AMPHIBIANS
• Most amphibians only have 1 thyroid gland
which produces hormones that help in
growth, metabolic rate and development.
• The size of the gland depends on the season
and metabolic state of the amphibian.
• The exact location of the glands vary between
each amphibian.
 Aves
• Some of the endocrine organs in birds are the
thyroid and parathyroid glands. These are
located on either side of the bird’s throat
which produces hormones that temperature
and growth rate
• Another hormone produces by the thyroid
gland is triiodothyronine which helps in the
making of feathers and skin is thought to be
associated when birds molt their feathers
 Reptilia

• The reptiles hormone system works to

regulate areas of growth, development and
reproduction.
• A reptile’s thyroid and parathyroid glands are
involved in basic metabolic functions
 Osteichthyes
• The glands associated with the endocrine
systems of Cartilage Fish are the thyroid,
pituitary, suprarenal, adrenals, pancreatic
islets, sex glands, and the inner wall of the
intestine
• These glands regulate osmotic pressure,
general metabolic activities, blood pressure
and certain aspects of skin color.
"All vertebrate animals ( fish , amphibians ,
reptiles , birds and mammals including
humans ) have the same endocrine glands and
release similar hormones to control
development , growth , reproduction , and
other responses "
 Did you know…
• Adrenal glands produce the greatest number
of hormones
• Parathyroid is the smallest endocrine gland
• Thyroid is the largest endocrine gland
• Thymus is the endocrine gland proportionally
largest at birth
 THANK YOU 

“If you skew the endocrine system, you lose the pathways to self. When endocrine
patterns change, it alters the way you think and feel. One shift in the pattern
tends to trip another.”
-Hilary Mantel