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Chapter 1

This document introduces key concepts in fluid mechanics. It defines fluids as either ideal or real, and discusses various fluid properties like density, viscosity, pressure, and temperature. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations for properties like specific gravity, unit weight, compressibility, and capillary action. Key terms are defined, such as Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The document also presents the first law of thermodynamics and defines extensive and intensive properties.

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John Dave Andales Baguinbin
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187 views14 pages

Chapter 1

This document introduces key concepts in fluid mechanics. It defines fluids as either ideal or real, and discusses various fluid properties like density, viscosity, pressure, and temperature. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations for properties like specific gravity, unit weight, compressibility, and capillary action. Key terms are defined, such as Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The document also presents the first law of thermodynamics and defines extensive and intensive properties.

Uploaded by

John Dave Andales Baguinbin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1

Properties of Fluids
Chapter Objectives
1. Introduce many of the quantities
encountered in fluid mechanics including
their dimensions and units.
2. Identify the liquids to be considered in
this course/subject.
3. Introduce the fluid properties of interest.
4. Present thermodynamics laws and
associated quantities.
FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS
* Fluid Mechanics - is a physical science
dealing with the action of fluids at rest
or in motion.
* Fluid Statics - which deals with fluids at rest.
* Fluid dynamics - concerned with fluids in
motion.
* Hydrodynamics - is applied to the flow of
liquids or low-velocity gas flows where
the gas can be considered as being
essentially incompressible.
* Hydraulics - deals with the application of
fluid mechanics to engineering devices
involving liquids, usually water or oil.
TYPES OF FLUID
Fluids are generally divided into two categories: ideal
fluids and the real fluids.

Ideal fluids
* Assumed to have no viscosity (and hence, no
resistance to shear)
* Incompressible
* Have uniform velocity when flowing
* No friction between moving layers of fluid
* No eddy currents or turbulence
Real fluids
* Exhibit infinite viscosities
* Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
* Compressible
Fluids
TYPES OF
FLUID
Ideals Fluids Real Fluids

Newtonian Non-Newtonian
Fluids Fluids

Pseudoplastic
Delatant Fluids Bingham Fluids
Fluids
MASS DENSITY, ρ (RHO)
The density of a fluid is its mass per unit volume.

mass of fluid, M
ρ volume, V
=

SPECIFIC VOLUME, Vs
Specific volume, Vs, is the volume occupied by a unit
mass of fluid.
Vs = 1
ρ
UNIT WEIGHT OR SPECIFIC WEIGHT, γ
Specific weight or unit, γ, is the weight of a unit volume
of a fluid. γ = weight of fluid
volume, V
γ=ρg

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity, s, is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid’s
density to some standard reference density. For liquids
and solids, the reference density is water 4ᵒC (39.2ᵒF).
s = ρ liquid
ρ water
VISCOSITY, µ (MU) (absolute or dynamic
viscosity)
The property of a fluid which determines the amount of its
resistance to shearing forces. A perfect fluid would have
no viscosity.   Μ= _
dV/dY

Capillary rise/depression, h = 4 σcosθ γd


where: θ = 0 for water in glass tube
v=µ
Bulk modulus of Elasticity, E ρ
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY v (NU)
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of
the fluid, µ, to its mass density, ρ.
Sample
Problems
Example #1 (1-1G). A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of
1200 kg and a volume of 0.9052 m3. Find it’s (a)weight, W,
(b)unit weight, γ, (c)mass density, ρ, (d)specific gravity (s).

Solution:
(a) Weight, W = Mg
= (1,200)(9.81)
= 11,722 N or 11.772 kN
(b) Unit Weight, γ = W/V
= 11.722/0.952
γ = 12.366 kN/m3
(c) Density, ρ = M/V
= 1,200/0.952
ρ = 1260.5 kg/m3
(d) Specific Gravity, s = ρgly / ρwater
= 1,260.5/1,000
s = 1.26
Example #2 (1-6G). If the specific volume of
a certain gas is 0.7848 m3/kg, what is its
specific weight?

Solution:
Vs = 1/ρ ; ρ = 1/Vs
= 1/0.7848
ρ = 1.2742 kg/m3
Specific weight, γ= ρ g
= 1.2742 x 9.81
γ = 12.5 N/m3
Example #3 (1-15G). Water in a hydraulic
press, initially at 137kPa absolute, is
subjected to a pressure of 116,280 kPa
absolute. Using Eb = 2.5GPa, determine the
percentage decrease in the volume of water.
Solution:
Eb = - dP /(dV/V)
2.5x109 = - (116,280 – 137) x103
(dV/V)
dV/V = - 0.0465 (negative sign means
decreasing)
dV/V = 4.65% decrease
TABLE 1-3: Contact Angles, θ

Materials Angle, θ

Mercury-glass 140ᵒ

Water-paraffin 107ᵒ

Water-silver 90ᵒ

Kerosene-glass 26ᵒ

Glycerine-glass 19ᵒ

Water-glass 0ᵒ

Ethyl alcohol-glass 0ᵒ
Example #4 (1-25G). Distilled water
stands in a glass tube of 9mm
diameter at a height of 24mm. What is
the true static height? Use σ = 0.0712
N/m.
Solution:
h = 4 σcosθ where: θ = 0 for water in glass tube
γd
h = 4 (0.0742)
9810(0.009)
h = 0.00336m = 3.36mm

True Static Height = 24 – 3.36


True Static Height = 20.64mm
Thermodynamic
Firstlaw of thermodynamics or
the conservation of ________?
Thermodynamic properties,
quantities that define the state of
a system, either depend on the
system’s mass or are
independent of the mass.
Extensive and intensive property

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