Pressure Definitions:

• Pressure (P) is defined as Force (F) per Unit Area (A).

• Pressure is the action of one force against another force.
• Pressure is force applied to, or distributed over a surface.
• P = F/A F: Force A: Area
Pascal's Principle
Pascal's law — developed by French mathematician Blaise Pascal —
states that when there is an increase in pressure at any point in a
confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the
container.
• Definition of pressure:
If F is the magnitude of the normal force on the piston and A is the
surface area of a piston, then the pressure, P, of the fluid at the level to
which the device has been submerged as the ratio of the force to area.
Since the pressure is force per unit area, it has units of N/m2 in the SI
system.
Another name for the SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa)
An important application of Pascal's law is the hydraulic press. A force F1
is applied to a small piston of area A1. The pressure is transmitted
through a liquid to a larger piston of area A2. Since the pressure is the
same on both sides, we see that P = F1/A1 = F2/A2. Therefore, the force
F2 is larger than F1 by multiplying factor A2/A1. Hydraulic brakes, car
lifts, hydraulic jacks, and forklifts all make use of this principle.
Absolute pressure
The clearest reference pressure is the pressure zero, which exists in the air-
free space of the universe. A pressure which is related to this reference
pressure is known as absolute pressure. For the required differentiation from
other types of pressure, it is denoted with the index “abs”, which is derived
from the Latin “absolutus”, meaning detached, independent.
Atmospheric pressure
The probably most important pressure for life on earth is the atmospheric
pressure, patm. It is created by the weight of the atmosphere which surrounds
the earth up to a height of approx. 500 km. Up to this altitude, at which the
absolute pressure pabs = zero, its magnitude decreases continuously
Overpressure (gauge pressure)
The most frequently measured pressure in the technological field is the
atmospheric pressure differential, Pg . It is the difference between an
absolute pressure, pabs, and the relevant (absolute) atmospheric pressure
(Pg = Pabs - Patm) and is known, in short, as the overpressure or gauge
pressure.
U-tube manometer
• U-Tube manometer consists of U shape
tube, which is connected to point where
pressure is to be measure and other end is
open to atmosphere and tube contains
manometric liquid. These all arrangement
helps to measure gauge and vacuum
(above and below atmospheric) pressure.
• Basic Measurement – U Tube Manometer:
Principle of manometer is given as
: P=HEIGHT*DENSITY Where “P” is Pounds
/sq. Inch; “HEIGHT” in Inch “ DENSITY”
in pounds /Cu. Inch
Differential manometer
Differential manometers are use for
measuring the difference of pressure
between two points of same pipe or two
different pipes. There are two types of
differential manometer and these are as
follow.

U-Tube differential manometer

U-Tube differential manometer consists of
U shape tube, in which both ends are either
connected at different points of same pipe
or two different pipes. U tube contains
manometric liquid, which is used to find
height value.
Inverted U-Tube differential
manometer
Inverted U-Tube differential
manometer consist an inverted U-
Tube, in which both ends are either
connected at different points of
same pipe or two different pipes. U
tube contains manometric liquid,
which is used to find height value. It
is used for measuring difference of
low fluid pressures.
• Inclined Manometer:
Inclined manometer is employed for
the measuring of tiny pressures and is
Observe a lot of accurately than the
vertical tube kind manometer. because
of inclination the gap affected by the
Liquid in manometer is a lot of.
associate inclined manometer could
be a slightly curved tube with a liquid
within, usually a kind of oil mixture. on
the tube’s middle portion are
graduations. The graduations ar
normally hundredths of an in., looking
on the manometer’s manufacturer.
ADVANTAGES:
• Fluids simple &time proven
• High accuracy & sensitivity
• Wide range of filling
DISADVANTAGES:
• No over range protection
• Large & bulky
• Measured fluids must be compatible with the manometer fluids
• Need of levelling
MECHANICAL GAUGES:
Mechanical gauges are used to measure very high pressure but having
less accuracy. All the mechanical gauges consist of an elastic element
which gets deformed on application of pressure. This deformation is
further magnified by gear and pinion arrangement to a pointer scale
and the pressure is measured. Following are the most commonly used
pressure gauges.
• Bourdon Tube pressure gauge
• Diaphragm pressure gauge
• Bellows pressure gauge
• BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE:

Bourdon type is the most commonly type of pressure

gauge. It is made up of steel or bronze tube. This tube is
known as pressure responsive element. One end of this
tube is closed and the other end is connected with
pressure inlet. Initially the cross section of this tube is
elliptical, but when the gauge is connected to the gauge
point fluid under pressure enters into the tube, due to
this the shape of the tube change from elliptical to
circular. The closed end of the tube is free to move. The
small movement of the free end of the tube is
transmitted by using some linkage to the pointer which
moves in clockwise direction. This pointer indicates the
actual pressure of the fluid by using dial indicator. The
dial gauge can be read zero value when the pressure is
equal to atmospheric pressure. When pointer goes in
anticlockwise it means that it shows negative gauge
pressure or vacuum pressure.
Bourdon Tubes:
• It is the twisted tube whose cross-sectional isn’t circular.
• Bourdon tubes types are c-type, helical type and spiral type.
• They should be filled with oil to limit the damage caused by vibration.
• Range: (-)1 to 1600 Kg/cm^2

ADVANTAGES:
• Low cost & simple construction
• Wide range ability
• Good accuracy
• Adaptable to transducer designs
DISADVANTAGES:
• Low spring gradient below 50psig
• Subject to Hysteresis
• Susceptible to shock & vibration
• DIAPHRAGM PRESSURE GAUGE:

This device is used to measure generally

low pressure intensity as compared to
Bourdon tube. Here elastic steel
corrugated diaphragm is the pressure
responsive element. Its working is little
bit similar to Bourdon tube the pressure
is indicated by using needle which is
moved with the help of pinion
arrangement with the diaphragm.
• BELLOWS PRESSURE GAUGE:

In this device the pressure responsive

elements is made up of thin metal
tube with deep circumferential
corrugations when pressure changes
the elastic elements expands or
contracts. A pointer is attached with it
which indicates the reading on circular
dial. When pressure increases it
expands and when pressure decreases
the elastic elements in bellows
pressure gauges are contracts.
• Bellows:
• Made of Bronze, S.S., Monel etc..
• The movement is proportional to number of convolutions sensitivity is proportional to size.
• In general a bellows can detect a slightly lower pressure than a diaphragm.
• The range is from 0-5 mmHg to 0-2000 psi
• Accuracy in the range of 1% span
• It is a series of circular part so formed or joined that they can be expanded axially by pressure. A wide range
spring is employed to limit the travel of bellows.
• The measurement is limited from .5 to 70 psi.
• It is greatly used as receiving elements for pneumatic recorders, indicators & controllers & also as a
differential unit of flow measurement.
• ADVANTAGES:
• High force delivered
• Moderate cost
• Good in the low to moderate pressure gauge
• DISADVANTAGES:
• Need ambient temperature pressure compensation
• Require spring for accurate characteristics
• Limited availability