ELECTRIC  

CIRCUITS-1
G Manohar
Associate Professor
CVR College of Engineering
   Familiarize with the basic laws and the methods of
analyzing electrical circuits

  Analyze the response of electrical circuits with dc and

sinusoidal ac input.

Course Objectives
  Understand resonant and magnetic  circuits 

 Solve complex electric circuits using Network Theorems

G MANOHAR ,Associate Professor in CVR College of Engineering , Hyderabad

Syllabus

 Unit-I: Introduction to Electrical Circuits

Current, voltage, power, electrical energy, types of elements, types of sources, R-L-C
parameters, ohms law, Kirchhoff’s laws, source transformation, V-I relationship for
passive elements (for input signals like square, ramp, sawtooth and triangular). Series,
parallel, series-parallel, star-to-delta transformation and vice versa, nodal analysis,
mesh analysis, super node and super mesh analysis
 Unit-II: Single phase AC circuits::

R.M.S. and Average values and form factor of different periodic waveforms, Steady
state analysis of R, L and C (in Series, Parallel and Series Parallel Combinations) with
Sinusoidal Excitation, Concept of Reactance, Impedance, Susceptance and
Admittance, Phase and Phase difference- Concept of Power Factor, Real and Reactive
powers, rectangular and polar forms, J-notation, Complex and Polar forms of
representation, Complex power for R-L-C circuits.

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Syllabus

 UNIT-III: Resonance & Locus Diagrams:

Resonance of Series, Parallel Circuits, properties of Series and Parallel Resonance,

Concept of Bandwidth lower and upper half power frequency, Q factor and numerical
problems. Current locus diagrams of R-L and R-C series circuits with variation of different
Parameters.
 UNIT-IV: Magnetic Circuits:

Magnetic Circuits, Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, Lenz law, Concept of Self
and Mutual Inductance, Dot convention, Coefficient of Coupling and numerical problems,
analysis of series and parallel magnetic circuits.
 Unit-V: Network Theorems:

Superposition Theorem, Reciprocity Theorem, Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton’s Theorem,

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem, Millman’s Theorem, Tellegen’s Theorem and
Compensation Theorem.

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Text Books & Reference Books

 TEXT BOOKS:

1. Engineering Circuit Analysis – W.H. Hayt and J. E. Kemmerly and

S.M.Durbin, 6 ed., 2008,TMH.
2. Electric Circuits , A.Chakrabarthy , Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
 REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Network Analysis – M.E. Vanvalkenburg, 3ed., PHI.

2. Linear Circuit Analysis, Raymond A. DeCarlo and Pen-Min-Lin,
2nd ed., Oxford University Press.
3. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Alexander and Sadiku, Mc-Graw Hill.

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

 Basics of Electricity

Charge: Charge may be defined as the electrical property of the

atomic particles of which matter consists

It is represented by Q or q

Unit of charge is Coulomb

In 1 Coulomb of charge there are 1/1.602x10-19=6.24x10+18 electrons

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

 Basics of Electricity- Continued

Coulomb is large unit of charge. Hence practical unit is micro

Coulomb.
Structure of atom

The charge of an electron is -1.602x10-19 while that of proton is 1.602x10-19

Presence of equal number of protons and electrons makes the atom
electrically neutral

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

 Basics of Electricity- Continued

Electric Current
It is defined time rate of change of charge
It is denoted by I or i
Units of current is ampere ,named after the French physicist
Andre-Marie Ampere

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Basics of Electricity- Continued

In the absence of electric field also, movement of electrons will be

there. The electrons are scattered in different directions. The net
momentum of electrons is zero hence it constitutes no current
When external pressure such as battery or EMF is applied across
the conducting material, the electrons are aligned in particular
direction, hence flow of charges occurs which constitute electric
current. G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
 Basics of Electricity- Continued

i = dq/dt
Simple problems
The current passing through a terminal is given by i=4t3−3t2 A.
How much charge entered the terminal between t=1 s and t=3 s.
A. 20 C
B. 54 C
C. 80 C
D. 100 C

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Basics of Electricity- Continued

q= ∫13(4t3-3t2)dt
= [t4-t3 ]13 = (34-33) =(81-27)=54 C
TttT

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Basics of Electricity- Continued

 The current flowing through an element is given by

i = 5A 0 < t <0.5 S
= 3t2 A t > 0.5 S
Calculate the charge entering the element from t= 0 to 1S
q= ∫00.5 5 dt = 5t]0 0.5 +q(0) = q(0.5)+0=5(0.5)=2.5 C
q= ∫0.51 (3t2)dt + q(0.5) =t3 ]0.5 1 +q(0.5) =0.875+2.5
= 3.375 C

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Basics of Electricity- Voltage

To move an electron in a conducting material in a particular direction requires

some work or energy transfer. This work is done by the battery. This EMF is
also known as Voltage or potential difference

Thus the voltage or Potential difference is defined as the

energy required to move a unit of charge through any element

The voltage Vab between two points a and b in an electric circuit is the
energy needed to move an unit charge from a to b
G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
.
Basics of Electricity- Voltage

 Vab=dw/dq
where w is work done in Joules and q is charge transferred in Coulomb
Unit of voltage is Volts ,named after the Italian Physicist
Alessandro Antonio Volta
1 Volt = 1 Joule/1 Coulomb

 Polarity of Voltage Vab

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Basics of Electricity- Power

 Power
Power is the time rate of energy, measured in watts
p = dw/dt Joules/Sec or Watt
p = dw/dt =(dw/dq) x ( dq/dt) = v x I
p=vi
Generally p is time varying quantity and is called as
instantaneous power

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Basics of Electricity- Power

 If the power has +ve sign, it indicates that the element is absorbing
power and –ve sign ,it indicates that power is delivered by that element.

In figure a the power is calculated as P = 4 x 3 =12 W and in figure b

P= 4 x3 =12 W

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

In figure a the power consumed is p= -4 x 3 =-12W and in figure b p= +4 x (-3) =-12 W
In both circuits power is –ve indicating that the element is delivering the power

Note: Algebraic sum of powers in a circuit is

always equal to Zero( Tellegen’s Theorem)

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Basics of Electricity- Energy

 
 Energy:

Energy is defined as capacity to do work, measured in Joules.

It is represented by the letter w

w= = p t = watt-sec
Commercial unit of electrical energy is kWh
1 Joule = 1 watt-sec

1 kWh = 1000 Wh= 1000x 3600 watt-sec =36 x105 Joules

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Basics of Electricity- Problems

 
 Find the power delivered to an element at t=3ms if the current entering its
positive terminal is
i = 5 cos (60πt) A and the voltage is (a) v =3i
(b) v = 3
solution
(a) Voltage v=3i =15 cos(60πt)
power p = vi = 5 cos(60πt) x 15 cos(60πt) = 75 (60πt) w
at t =3ms
P= 75 (60πt) = 75 (60π x 3x 10-3 ) = 75 (0.18π) = 53.48 W
G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad radians
Basics of Electricity- Problems

  b) voltage = 3 =3(-60π) 5 sin (60πt)

= -900π sin 60 πt V
p= v i = -4500π sin(60 πt ) x cos (60 πt )
at t= 3 ms
p = -4500π sin(60 π x 3x 10-3 ) x cos (60 π x 3x 10-3 )
= -4500π sin (0.18π) cos (0.18
= -6.396 kW

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Basics of Electricity- Problems

Problem: A geyser draws 8.6956 A when connected to a 1-phase 230V ,50Hz supply.
Calculate the energy consumed in kWh by it when operated for 300 minutes.

Solution:
Energy =Power x time = Voltage x Current x time

= 230 x 8.6956 x 5 = 9999.94 watt hours

= 9.99 kWh ≈ 10 kWh
= 10 units

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Basics of Electricity- Problems

First Identify the elements which are consuming electric Power and which are generating
power
8A current source is delivering power and Power across it =(-9)(8)=72W

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Basics of Electricity- Problems

Power across 9V element is (9)(2) = 18 W

Power across 3V element is (3)(I) = 3I W
Power consumed by 6V battery =(+6)I =6I W
Hence Total power consumed by the circuit
elements = 18+3I+6I = 18+9I

Total Power generated = 72W

In a circuit Algebraic sum of powers generated

should be equal to algebraic sum of powers
consumed Whenever a +ve magnitude of
72 =18+9I solving we get I= 6A current leaves from the +ve
Power across 3V element = 3I =3 x 6= 18 W terminal then, the element is said
Power consumed by 6V battery =6I =6 x 6 =36 to be delivering Power, it is called
W as Source.
Check
18+18+36-72 = 0 G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
Basics of Electricity-
Problems

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Networks and Circuits

Network : Interconnection of circuit elements is called Network.

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

 Networks and Circuits

Circuit : A network with a closed path can

be called as circuit.
All the circuits are networks
All the networks need not be circuits

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Classification of Circuit Elements

Circuits elements can be classified as

Active and Passive elements (Based on energy)
Linear and non linear elements( Based on V-I characteristics)
Unilateral and bilateral elements( Based on conduction of current)
Lumped and Distributed elements( Based on length and wave length)

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Active and Passive elements

Active elements: The elements which can deliver energy for the other circuit
elements
Active elements can deliver energy for infinite amount of time
Their average power is greater than zero
Examples
Voltage Source
Current Source
Transistor (Active mode)

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Active and Passive elements

Passive elements: The elements which can receives energy from the active
elements or sources
passive elements cannot deliver energy for infinite amount of time
Their average power is equal to zero
Examples
Resistor (dissipates electrical energy)
Inductor (Stores electrical energy in magnetic field)
capacitor (Stores electrical energy in static field)

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Linear and Non-linear elements
Linear Elements : Elements
for which V-I characteristic is
a straight line passing
through origin are called
Linear elements.
Resistor
Inductor (Up to saturation)
capacitor

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Inductor
characteristics
 Ferromagnetic cores have
hysteresis and saturation effects,
because of which V-I curve
remains linear within two extreme
limits.

 Ceramic / ferrite core have

almost no hysteresis, and their
linear response is much better
over wide range of frequencies.

 Air core coil does not have

this issue, and remains linear
over very wide frequency
range
G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
Linear and Non-linear elements
Nonlinear Elements : Elements
for which V-I characteristic is a
not a straight line passing
through origin are called
Nonlinear elements.
Diode
Transistor
Silicon Controlled Rectifier

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Unilateral and Bilateral elements

Unilateral elements: The elements whose Voltage to current ratio not same on
either direction of current are called unilateral elements
Examples
 Diode
Transistor
In forward biased condition
Diode offers very less impedance
Of the order of ohms and in reverse
Biased condition it offers huge
impedance of the Gorder ofAssociate
MANOHAR mega ohms
Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
Unilateral and Bilateral elements

Bilateral Elements are the elements that allow the current in both directions
and offer the same impedance in either direction of current flow.
Examples: Resistors, Inductors and capacitors.
The concept of Bilateral elements is illustrated in the following figures.

Bilateral Elements
In the above figure, the current (I) is flowing from terminals A to B through a
passive element having impedance of Z Ω. It is the ratio of voltage (V) across
that element between terminals A & B and current (I).

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Unilateral and Bilateral elements

In the above figure, the current (I) is flowing from terminals B to A

through a passive element having impedance of Z Ω. That means
the current (–I) is flowing from terminals A to B. In this case too, we
will get the same impedance value, since both the current and
voltage having negative signs with respect to terminals A & B.

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

  Lumped Elements are those in which excitation and
response are simultaneous
 The ration of length of the element to wave length of the
signal applied is very low
Lumped and  There is a distinct boundary between elements
distributed
elements

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

  Distributed elements are those in which excitation and
response are not simultaneous. There is a delay between
them
 The ration of length of the element to wave length of the
signal applied is considerable
Lumped and
 There is a no distinct between elements
distributed
elements  Example: parameters of long transmission line

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Classification of Sources

Sources

Ideal Practical
Sources Sources

Ideal Ideal Practical Practical

Voltage Current Voltage Current
Sources Source Source Source

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Independent and dependent sources

 Sources which deliver constant voltage or current irrespective of voltage or current

at any part of the circuit are called as Independent sources.
For Example, a 20V source delivers 20V irrespective of the circuit conditions
These sources are represented by circle

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Independent and dependent sources

 When value of the source is not constant and is dependent on current or voltage
across some part of the circuit, then it is called dependent source.
 Dependent sources or represented by diamond symbol

 Dependent sources are classified into

Voltage dependent voltage source
Current dependent voltage source
Voltage dependent current source
Current dependent current source

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Independent and dependent sources

Voltage dependent Voltage source Current dependent current source

Voltage dependent Gcurrent

MANOHARsource Current
Associate Professor in CVR College of Dependent
Enginnering Hyderabad Voltage source
G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
Basic Circuit Elements-Resistor

Resistance: Resistance is the property of material by virtue of which it opposes the flow of
current through it

When an external force such as battery is applied to an electrical conductor, all the free
electrons align in particular direction and they start to move towards positive terminal of
the source. During this process the electrons collide with the static positive ions and
some velocity of the electrons is lost. In other words, the conductor is offering some
hindrance or opposition to the electrons, and this property is known as resistance
G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
 Basic Circuit Elements-Resistance

Resistance: Resistance is similar to the pipe friction in fluid mechanics

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Resistance is represented by the letter R or r

Units of resistance is Ohms (Ω), named after the French physicist George Simon ohm

According to Ohm’s law, at constant temperature the current flowing through the
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across the
conductor

V I

V=RI

R is known as Resistance of the circuit

Reciprocal of resistance is called as conductance and is measured in mhos or

Siemens

Conductance is represented by the letter G

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
 
Resistance of a material is directly proportional to the length of the
material and inversely proportional to the area of cross section of the
conducting material

R

R=
Here ρ is called Resistivity of the material.

Resistivity of resistor depends on the material with which it is made

up off and temperature

Units of resistivity is Ω-m

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

 

During the process of electron flow, the electrons collide with the static
positive ions and during this process some of the energy is lost in the
form of heat .
Power dissipated in the resistor P = V I = IR I = R =

Energy = R t -- provided Current I is constant

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Effect of temperature on resistor:

Resistance at a temperature t is given by

R = R0 (1+α t)

where R0 is is Resistance at 00 C

α is temperature co-efficient
 Resistance at temperature t2 when resistance at temperature t1 is known

R2 = R1(1+ α (t2-t1) )
 In metals, as temperature increases , resistance also increases
 In semi-conductors as temperature increases resistance decreases

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Series Connection

 In a series connection , the components are connected end to end in a

line to form a single path through which the current flow
 Same magnitude of current flow in series connection
Applications: Serial lighting or decorative Lighting

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Parallel Connection

 In a parallel connection , the components are connected between two

same junctions
 Current will have multiple paths to flow in parallel connection
 Voltage across each element is same
Applications: Domestic and industrial connections

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Series-Parallel Connection

 In this circuit , the components are connected in combination of series

and parallel circuits

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Inductor
 Inductance can be defined as the property of the material by virtue of which it
opposes the sudden change of current through it
 Inductance can also be defined as the ratio of flux linkages to the unit current
 Inductor stores electrical energy in the form of magnetic field by the application
of current through it
 Inductance is represented by the letter L and units are henry its symbol is

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Inductor
 Faraday’s laws of electro magnetic induction
1st Law: When ever flux linking a coil changes an emf is induced in it
2nd law: The magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to rate of
change of flux linkages through it

suppose if you excite a coil with ac supply , an alternating flux is

setup , as result voltage is set up across the the coil
v = Ndϕ/dt --------------------(1)
Voltage across an inductor in terms of current is given by
v = Ldi/dt --------------------(2)

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Inductor

 Comparing equations 1 and 2 we get

Ndϕ/dt = Ldi/dt
equating we get
L = Ndϕ/di =d(Nϕ)/di =dψ/di
Hence Inductance may be defined as rate of change of flux linkages to unit
current
where ψ is flux linkages which is given by Nϕ

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Inductor

  
Voltage across the inductor is given by v = L di/dt
 Current through inductor is given by i = + i(0)

where i(0) is initial current through the inductor

the above equation implies that inductor doesn’t allow sudden changes of current
through it
instantaneous power p = vi = Ldi/dt x i

Energy stored in the inductor WL =

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

 
Inductance in terms of physical constants

Inductance of a material is directly proportional to the area of cross section of the magnetic
material and inversely proportional to the length of the magnetic material

L=

Where N is number of turns

is the permeability of the free space ( = 4π x )
is the relative permeability of the magnetic material
A is the area of cross section of the material
is the length of magnetic material

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Capacitor

Capacitance can be defined as the property of the material by virtue of which it

opposes the sudden change of voltages across it

Capacitance can also be given by the ratio of charge accumulated to the potential
across its plates

Capacitor stores electrical energy in the form of electrostatic field by the application of
Voltage across it

Capacitance is represented by the letter C and units are farad and its symbol is

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

 
We know that charge q = Cv

Differentiating w r t t we get = = C

now dq/dt is charging current through the capacitor ,hence

i =C
Voltage across capacitor is given by v = + v(0)
Where v(0) is the initial voltage across the capacitor

The above equation implies capacitor doesn’t allow sudden changes of voltage across it

Instantaneous power p = vi =v C

Energy stored in the capacitor WC =

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

 
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is directly proportional to the area of cross section of
plates and inversely proportional to the distance between the plates

C=

where A is area of cross section of parallel plates

d is distance between parallel plates
is permittivity of free space ( 8.854 x )
is permittivity of the di electric material

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Voltage-current relationship in passive elements

S.No Type of element Voltage (V) Current (I) Energy

1 Resistor IR V/R
2 Inductor L

3 Capacitor C
3 Capacitor

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Series connection of Inductors

Consider a series connection of N inductors as shown in figure a

 
It’s equivalent circuit shown in figure b .Applying KVL to the circuit ‘a’ we get

v=

v=
G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
  

=(
=

Where =

The equivalent inductance of series connected inductors is the sum of

the individual inductances

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Parallel connection of Inductors

Consider a parallel connection of N inductors as shown in figure a

 
It’s equivalent circuit shown in figure b .Applying KCL to the circuit ‘a’ we get

i=

Considering that all inductors are initially uncharged ( i(0)=0)

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
Parallel connection of Inductors

   i= + + + … +

=(+++… + ) =

=+++… +

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Series connection of Capacitors

Consider a series connection of N capacitors as shown in figure a

 
It’s equivalent circuit shown in figure b .Applying KVL to the circuit ‘a’ we get

v=

Consider that initially the capacitors are uncharged (Vc(0)=0)

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
Series connection of Capacitors

   v=+ + +… +

= (+++… + ) =

=+++…+

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Parallel connection of Capacitors

Consider a parallel connection of N capacitors as shown in figure a

 
It’s equivalent circuit shown in figure b .Applying KCL to the circuit ‘a’ we get

i=

=
G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
Parallel connection of Capacitors

  

=(
=

Where =

The equivalent capacitance of parallel connected capacitors is the sum

of
the individual capacitances

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
Determine the capacitance
Between the terminals
a and b for the circuits
shown in figure. All the
capacitances are in farads

Between junctions c and d

80F and 40 F are connected in
parallel can be replaced by
120F

Between d and e 30F,20F and

10F are connected in parallel
and can be replaced by
30+20+10= 60F

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad
 
Between d and b 60F and 60F are connected
in series and can be replaced by equivalent
capacitance using the formula

= =30 F

Between d and e 50F and 30F are connected

in parallel and can be replaced by 50+30=80F

Now 80F and 120F are connected in series

and can be replaced by

= = 48 F

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

 
Now between points c and b 12F and 48F are
connected in parallel and can be replaced by
a single capacitance by =12+48= 60F

Now between points a and b 12F and 60F are

connected in series and can be replaced by
single capacitance by the formula

= =10 F

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad

Comparison of Open Circuit and Short Circuit

Open Circuit Short Circuit

Open Circuit means Current Zero Short Circuit means Voltage Zero

Resistance is infinity Resistance is zero

G MANOHAR Associate Professor in CVR College of Enginnering Hyderabad