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Folding of Embryo: by DR O.O.Eweoya

The document summarizes the folding process of the human embryo during the 4th week of development. It describes two types of folding: cranio-caudal/longitudinal folding and transverse folding. Longitudinal folding occurs as the brain and spinal cord grow, which causes the embryo to fold at the cranial and caudal ends. This incorporates parts of the yolk sac and gut tube into the embryo. Transverse folding occurs as the spinal cord and somites grow laterally, causing right and left folds and forming a cylindrical shape as parts of the gut are incorporated.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
56 views16 pages

Folding of Embryo: by DR O.O.Eweoya

The document summarizes the folding process of the human embryo during the 4th week of development. It describes two types of folding: cranio-caudal/longitudinal folding and transverse folding. Longitudinal folding occurs as the brain and spinal cord grow, which causes the embryo to fold at the cranial and caudal ends. This incorporates parts of the yolk sac and gut tube into the embryo. Transverse folding occurs as the spinal cord and somites grow laterally, causing right and left folds and forming a cylindrical shape as parts of the gut are incorporated.

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Abiola Nerd
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FOLDING OF EMBRYO

By
Dr O.O.Eweoya
INTRODUCTION
• Length of human development in pregnancy is forty (40) weeks that is
280days.
• Human development is divided into Embryonic and Fetal periods.
• Embryonic period is from fertilization to 8weeks and it is further
subdivided into Germinal period ( Zygote -3rd week) and Embryonic period
proper (4th -8th week).
• Fetal period is from 8th week to Term.
• 1st week involves Clevage,Morula, Blastocyst and Implantation.
• 2nd week involves Bilaminar germ disc formation,
Cytotrophoblast,Syncytiotrophoblast,Somato-pleuric and Splanchno-
pleuric mesoderms,Connecting stalk formation.
• 3rd week involves Trilaminar germ disc formation .
• 4th week involves Folding of the embryo/gut tube formation.
FOLDING OF EMBRYO
• For better understanding the embryonic folding is considered
in two ways namely:
• i) Cranio-caudal / Longitudinal folding
• ii) Transverse folding
• It is worthy of mentioning that the two processes occur
simultaneously.
• Each of these processes is discussed hereunder:
• Folding occurs as a result of rapid growth of neural tube and
somites.
CRANIAL LONGITUDINAL FOLDING

•At the beginning of the 4th week, the neural


folds in the cranial region have thickened to
form the primordium of the brain and this
developing brain projects dorsally into the
amniotic cavity.
•Later the developing forebrain grows
cranially beyond the oropharyngeal
membrane and overhangs the developing
heart.
•With this, the septum transversum
( transverse septum ); primordial heart;
pericardial coelom and oropharyngeal
membrane move onto the ventral surface of
the embryo.
•During longitudinal folding, part of the
endoderm of the yolk sac is incorporated
into the embryo as the foregut ( primordium
of pharynx, esophagus,stomach and
duodenum ).
CONTINUATION
CONTD
• The foregut lies between the brain & the heart and the
oropharyngeal membrane separating the foregut from the
stomodeum.
• After folding, the septum transversum lies caudal to the heart
where it develops into the central tendon of the diaphragm. The
head fold also affects the arrangement of the embryonic coelom
(primordium of body cavities ).
• Before folding, the coelom consists of a flattened, horseshoe-
shaped cavity.
• After folding, the pericardial coelom lies ventral to the heart and
cranial to the septum transversum.
• At this stage the intraembryonic colelom communicates widely on
each side with extraembryonic coelom.
CRANIAL LONGITUDINAL FOLDING DIAGRAM
CAUDAL LONGITUDINAL FOLDING

•Caudal end folding of the embryo results


from growth of the distal part of the
neural tube (primordium of the spinal cord
).
•As the embryo grows, the caudal eminence
( tail region ) projects over the cloacal
membrane ( future anus ).
•During folding, part of the endodermal
germ layer is incorporated into the
embryo as the hindgut ( primordium of
descending colon ).
•The terminal part of the hindgut soon
dilated to form the cloaca ( primordium of
urinary bladder & rectum ). Before
folding, the primitive streak lies cranial
to the cloacal membrane. After folding, it
lies caudal to it.
CONTD OF CAUDAL FOLDING

• The connecting stalk


(primordium of the
umbilical cord ) is now
attached to the ventral
surface of the embryo.

• The allantois which is a


diverticulum of the yolk
sac is partially
incorporated into the
embryo.
TRANSVERSE FOLDING
• Transverse folding of the embryo produces right and left
lateral folds.
• Transverse folding is produced by the rapidly growing spinal
cord and somites.
• The primordia of the ventrolateral wall fold toward the median
plane, rolling the edges of the embryonic disc ventrally and
forming a roughly cylindrical embryo.
• As the abdominal walls form, part of the endoderm germ layer
is incorporated into the embryo as the midgut
( primordium of small intestine ).
• Initially, there is a wide connection between the midgut & yolk
sac. After lateral folding the connection is reduced to a yolk
stalk.
CAUDAL END FOLDIG OF EMBRYO
DIAGRAM OF CAUDAL FOLDING
CONTD
• The region of attachment of the amnion to the ventral surface
of the embryo is also reduced to a relative narrow umbilical
region
• As the umbilical cord forms from the connecting stalk, ventral
fusion of the lateral folds reduces the region of communication
between the intraembryonic & extra-embryonic coelomic
cavities to a narrow communication.
• As the amniotic cavity expands and obliterates most of the
extraembryonic coelom, the amnion forms the epithelial
covering of the umbilical cord.
• Body folding abnormalities are uncommon. Antenatal
ultrasonography is used to diagnose these cases

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