Assignment on

Work Study

Course name : Operations Management

Course No: AEM 6207

Submitted to : Dr. Sultana Parveen

Submitted by: Azmayeen Mahtab
Roll No:0419082105
Submission date: 14/09/2019
 Work Measurement
• Work measurements (WM) are Work Measurement
techniques used to establish the time Purposes may be:
for a qualified, motivated worker to
carry out a task at a defined rate of
working. To reveal the nature and
extent of ineffective time,
• Work measurement is concerned from whatever cause.
with investigating, reducing and
eliminating ineffective time, whatever
may be the cause.
• In practice, proving existence of the To set standards of performance that are attainable only if all
ineffective time is the most difficult avoidable ineffective time is eliminated and work is performed
task. by the best method available
The most commonly used
methods of work measurement

Work
measurement

Stopwatch time Work

Historical times Predetermi Sampling
study ned data
 Applications of Work Measurement

To compare the efficiency To determine, in

of alternative methods. association with man and
Other conditions being machine multiple activity
equal, the method which charts, the number of
takes the least time will machines a worker can
be the best method. run.

To balance the work of

members of teams, in
association with the
multiple activity charts,
so that, as far as possible,
each member has tasks
taking an equal time.
 Labor Standards and work measurement
Effective operations management requires
meaningful standards that can help a firm
determine the following:

• Labor content of items produced (the labor cost)

• Historical experiences
Labor
• Time studies
• Staffing needs how many people it will take to standards
meet required production. predetermined time
are set in standards
• Cot and time estimates prior to production to four ways: • Work sampling
assist in a variety of decisions, from cost
estimates to make-or-buy decisions.
• Crew size and work balance (who does what in a
group activity or on an assembly line)
• Expected production so that manager and
worker know what constitutes a fair day’s work
• Basis of wage incentive plans
• Efficiency of employees and supervision (a
standard is necessary against which to
determine efficiency)
 Standard time
The amount of time it should take a qualified worker
to complete a specified task, working at a
sustainable rate, using given methods, tools and
equipment, raw material inputs and workplace
arrangement

Whenever a time standard is developed for a job, it

is essential to provide a complete description of the
parameters of the job

The amount of time it should take a qualified worker

to complete a specified task, working at a
sustainable rate, using given methods, tools, and
equipment, raw materials, and workplace
arrangements.
 Historical experience

Historical experience helps to estimate the labor hour

Assess how many labor hours were required to do a task the last time it was
performed.

Historical standards have the advantage of being relatively easy and

inexpensive to obtain

they are usually available from employee time cards or production records.
However, they are not objective, and we do not know their accuracy, whether
they represent a reasonable or a poor work pace, and whether unusual
occuracences are included.
 TIME STUDIES
Proposed by
Fredick W. Taylor
1881 A trained and experienced person
can establish a standard by
following 8 methods
Time • Define the task.
studie •
•
Divide the task into precise elements.
Decide how many times to measure the task
s • Time and record elemental times and ratings of
performance
• Compute the average observed time.
• Determine performance rating and the compute the
Involves normal time for each element.
Most Widely used • Add the normal times for each element to develop a
timing a
sample of a
time –study total normal time for the task
worker’s method • Compute the standard time.
perfromance
Time Studies related formula & Definition

Average • The arithmetic mean of the times for each element measured, adjusted for
Observed unusual influence for each element.

time
Normal • The average observed time adjusted for pace.
•
time
• An adjustment to the the total normal time, the
Standard adjustment provides allowances for personal needs
unavoidable work delays, and fatigue.
time
Predetermined Time Standards

Predetermined
Therbligs Time measurement
time standards
units
A division of manual work into
small basic elements that have
established and widely accepted basic physical elements of motion
times
Units for very basic
micromotions in which
Divides manual work into small work into includes such activities as select,
small basic elements that already have grasp, position, assemble, reach,
1 TMU= .0006 min or
established times hold, rest and inspect 100,000 TMUs =1hr
Advantages of Predetermined time standards

5.Predetermine
1.They may be
d time
established in a 2.The standard
standards are
laboratory can be set 4.Unions tend
3.No particularly
environment, before a task is to accept this
performance effective in firms
where the actually method as a fair
ratings are that do
procedure will performed, it means of setting
necessary substantial
not upset actual can be used for standards
numbers of
production planning
studies of
activities
similar tasks.
Stopwatch Time Study

Development of a time standard

based on observation of one worker
taken over a number taken over a
number of cycles
The basic steps in a
time study are

Define the task to be

Determine the Time the job, an rate
studied, an inform the Compute the standard
number of cycles to the worker’s
worker who will be time.
observe performance
studied.
Stopwatch time study
• The
  number of cycles that must be timed is a f function of
three things
1.the variability of observed times
2. the desired accuracy
3.The desired level of confidence of the estimated job
The formula for determining sample size
Where z = number of normal standard deviation needed
desired confidence
S= sample standard deviation
a= desired accuracy percentage
=sample mean
Work Sampling
The work sampling procedure can be
summarized in five steps Work Sampling

• take a preliminary sample to obtain an

estimate of the parameter value An estimate, via sampling, of the
• Compute the sample size required percent of the time that a worker
• Prepare a schedule for observing the worker at spends on various tasks.

appropriate time. The concept of random

numbers is used to provide for rando Was developed Sometimes called A method of
in England by L. a ratio delay developing labor
observation Tippet in 1930s study or production
• Observe and record worker activities standards
• Determine how workers spend their time
Work sampling

Table for common z-values

•sample
The  following formula then gives the
size for a desired confidence
Desired Z-value (standard
confidence( deviation required for
%) desired level of
and accuracy: confidence)
90.0 1.65

Where, 95.0 1.96

n= required sample size 95.45 2.00

z= number of standard normal deviation 99.0 2.58

for the desired confidence level(z=1 for 99.73 3.00

68% confidence z=2 for 95.45% - these
values can be obtained from the table-1)
p= estimated value of sample proportion
(of time worker is observed busy or idle)
h = acceptable error level, in percent
Advantages & Disadvantages of
work sampling
ADVANTAGES • DISADVANTAGES
• Observations are spread out over a • There is much less detail on the
period of time, making results less elements of a job
susceptible to short term fluctuations • Workers may alter their work patterns
• There is little or no disruptions of work when they spot the observer, thereby
invalidating results
• Workers are less resentful
• In many cases, there is no record of the
• Studies are less costly and less time method used b the worker
consuming and the skill requirements of
the analysts are much less • Observers may fail to adhere to a
random schedule of observatgions
• The study can be interrupted without
• It is not well suited for short, repetitive
affecting the results
tasks
• Many different studies can be conducted • Much time may be required to move
simultaneously from one workplace to another and back
• No timing device is required to satisfy the randomness requirement.
• Lends itself to nonrepetitive tasks
Time-based systems and Output-based system

Compensation based on
time an employee has Compensation based on
worked during a pay period amount of output an
is called time-based employee produced during a
system. pay period
Obtain the maximum benefit from
an incentive plan
• In order to obtain the
maximum benefit from Individual Group
an incentive plan, the incentive plan incentive plan
plan should be A worker’s pay is a It stress sharing of
direct linear productivity gains
1. accurate function of his or
her output
with employees, are
in use.

2.Easy to apply Some focus exlusively

on output, while
3.Consistent others reward
employees for output
and reductions in
material and other
4.Easy to understand costs

5. fair
Popular group incentive plans
Scanlon plan Kaiser plan Lincoln plan Kodak plan
• Developed by late • Introduced during • Developed by The • Uses a combination
Joseph Scanlond the 1960s Lincoln Electric of premium wage
• Main feature is to • Involves the use of Company in levels and an annual
encourage committees to Cleveland Ohio bonus related to
reductions in labor suggest wa of • Includes profit company profits
costs by allowing reducing costs, with sharing, job instead of more
workers to share in savings shared by enlargement, and traditional incentives
any reductions employees participative • Workers are
achieved • Provides for workers management encouraged to help
to share in • Involves the use of set goals and to
reductions in evaluation decide on
material and supply committees to reasonable
costs generate suggestions performance leveles
• Three main
components are a
piecework system,
an annual bonus,
and a stock purchase
provision
Knowledge-Based pay systems

Reflect the variety of tasks

the worker is capable of
performing
Horizontal skills

Reflect management tasks

the worker is capable of

It has three dimensions Vertical skills

Reflect quality and

Knowledge-Based productivity results
pay systems
A pay system used by Depth skills
organizations to reward
workers who undergo
training that increases their
skills
Summary

The design of work systems involves

job design, work measurement,
and compensations

Compensation plans : organizations

Job design is concerned with the Work measurement is concerned with can choose from a variety of
content of jobs and work methods, specifying the length of time needed to
complete a job. Such information is vital compensation plans. It is important
methods analysis and motion study
techniques are often used to develop for personnel planning, cost estimating, to do so carefully, for
the efficiency aspects of jobs. budgeting, scheduling, and worker compensation is important to both
compensation. Commonly used the worker and the organization
approaches include stopwatch time study
and predetermined times