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The Non-Aligned Movement: and The Emergence of The Third World

The Non-Aligned Movement was formed in 1961 in Belgrade by countries seeking a "third way" between the capitalist and communist blocs during the Cold War. It aimed to promote cooperation and development among newly independent nations in Africa and Asia while staying out of the East-West conflict. Key issues for the Movement included opposition to colonialism, establishing a new economic order, and equitable distribution of global resources. Though it lacked unified economic or military power, the Movement did influence some international issues and helped shape the concept of North-South relations. Today it continues to advocate for issues like resistance to unilateralism, self-determination, fair trade, and UN reforms.

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205 views16 pages

The Non-Aligned Movement: and The Emergence of The Third World

The Non-Aligned Movement was formed in 1961 in Belgrade by countries seeking a "third way" between the capitalist and communist blocs during the Cold War. It aimed to promote cooperation and development among newly independent nations in Africa and Asia while staying out of the East-West conflict. Key issues for the Movement included opposition to colonialism, establishing a new economic order, and equitable distribution of global resources. Though it lacked unified economic or military power, the Movement did influence some international issues and helped shape the concept of North-South relations. Today it continues to advocate for issues like resistance to unilateralism, self-determination, fair trade, and UN reforms.

Uploaded by

Bhanu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Non-aligned

Movement
and the emergence of the Third World
De-colonization
 As the Cold War began to polarize the world, many of the
major European powers of the 19th and early 20th centuries
began to focus on domestic issues, as foreign affairs were
dominated by the U.S. and the Soviets.
 Many states in the Middle East, Asia and Africa attained
independent status and sought to develop a national
identity, while protecting themselves from what seemed to
be an inevitable envelopment into the spheres of one of the
two superpowers.
The “5 Pillars”
 In 1954, Indian PM Nehru made a famous speech in Columbo, India
discussing Sino-Indian relations
 He stated 5 pillars that should guide relations between the two nations
 Respect for territorial integrity
 Mutual non-aggression
 Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
 Equality and mutual benefit
 Peaceful co-existence
 These 5 pillars are established as the Panchscheel, or five principles of
peaceful coexistence
Bandung
• In 1955, 29 states from Asian and African countries representing
more than half of the world’s population met in Bandung, Indonesia,
hosted by PM Sukarno, to promote economic and cultural
cooperation so that they could…
•attempt to stay out of the Cold War
•oppose colonialism
Bandung
 Issues discussed:
 France’s control in N. Africa
 Conflict between Netherlands and Indonesia in New Guinea
 Rights of Arab peoples in Palestine
 Soviet control in E. Europe
 Chinese PM Zhou Enlai played a major role as a
sympathetic leader
Bandung
 Bandung declaration condemned “colonialism in all of its
manifestations”
 It also called for the equitable redistribution of resources for
the benefit of poorer states.
NAM
At the invitation of Josip Tito, the
members of the Bandung
Conference were invited to
Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961, for
a summit, where the Non-aligned
Movement (NAM) was officially
established.

Key individuals:

Sukarno – Indonesia
Gamal Abdul Nasser – Egypt
Jawaharlal Nehru – India
Kwame Nkrumah – Ghana
Tito, Nasser and Nehru at summit meeting in 1956
Josip Broz Tito - Yugoslavia
NAM
 Three major focal issues emerged from Belgrade:
 In relation to the superpowers, the NAM seeks to find a
“third way”
 Protest against colonial rule in Africa and Asia
 The establishment of a new economic order and how to
equitably distribute resources around the world
 This agenda was to be known as the “Initiative of Five,”
named for the five key individuals
NAM
 After the UN Conference on Trade and Development in Geneva in
1964, the “The Group of 77” was formed.
 These non-aligned states attempted to exert some influence over
global affairs in
 The Korean War (1950-1953)
 The Suez Crisis (1956)
 The crisis in the Congo (1960)
 The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
 The Falklands War (1982)
 The Iran/Iraq War (1980-1984)
NAM
 Since its founding, there have been over a dozen summits,
member nations have swelled to well over 100.
 It has been called “histories’ biggest peace movement”
 It was recognized as a new “voice” in the world.
 French historian, Alfred Sauvy, coined the term the “Third World”
as representative of the non-aligned countries of the world, which
he likened to the Third Estate prior to the French Revolution
 Like the third estate, the Third World has nothing, and wants to be
something. Sauvy in L’Observateur 1952
But…
What impact does the Non-aligned Movement really have?
Challenges & Failures
•Lacked economic and military apparatus to carry out
resolutions
•Many member states WERE aligned with one of the two
superpowers (e.g. Cuba w/ U.S.S.R.), usually the East
•There were many divisions within the NAM that stymied their
progress
Challenges & Failures
 In 1962, Sino-Indian border war breaks out
 In 1963, PM Nehru dies
 In 1970, Nasser dies
 In 1979, Soviets invade Afghanistan
Successes & Impact
 In 1979, Soviet Foreign Minister, Andrei Gromyko, argued
against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by stating, “All
the non-aligned countries will be against us.”
 The concept of North-South relations and the responsibility
of richer countries towards the Third World (e.g. Brandt
Report in 1980)
Current Dilemma
 With the end of the Cold War, the term “Third World” is now
obsolete.
 In 1992, founding member Yugoslavia broke apart and was
expelled from the movement.
 A couple of members withdrew and joined the EU, with
Belarus the only European member remaining
 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Iran) is the current General Secretary!
 So…
Current Focus
 Resistance to a uni-polar world that controls the machinery of
international politics and imposes its will *
 Puerto Rican self-determination
 Anti-Zionism
 Sustainable development, debt relief & fair trade practices
 UN reforms
 South-South cooperation
 Cultural diversity and human rights

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