AGE 212:

MATHEMATICS III

LUANAR
2014/2015 Academic Year

Lecturer: Wellam Kamthunzi

Agricultural Engineering Department
Lecture 5 January 7, 2015

Advanced Calculus:
Part 2: Integration
Topics
• Review of basic integration principles
• Integration by U-substitution
• Integration of simple products of sine and cosine
• Integration of powers of trigonometric functions
• Integrals resulting in inverse trigonometric functions
• Integration using trigonometric substitutions
• Integration by using partial fractions
• Integration by parts
• Reduction formulas
• Using Tables of integrals
• Applications of integration
Topic January 7, 2015

Review of Basic
Integration Principles
1. Introduction

• Integration – what is it?

• Integral – what is it?
• What is the significance of Integration?
What is integration?
• The process of integration reverses the
process of differentiation.
• The integral is the “anti-derivative”.
• Integration “sums up” small quantities.
• The integral is also known as the sum.
• Problems involving summation, finding
functions from rates of change can be
solved using integration.
2. Basic Rules or Principles of Integration

• State the following basic rules or

principles of integration:
oIntegration as summation.
othe power rule
 Definition of an Integral
Area ABCD  A1  A2  A3  A4  A5  A6
 y0 x  y1 x  y2 x  y3 x  y4 x  y5 x
n 1
  y x
0
C
y Area of strip = y dx
y = f(x)
A1 = y0 dx
y5
A2 = y1 dx
y4
D
y3 A3 = y2 dx
y1 y2
y0 etc...
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
x
A dx B
Area under a curve

• As dx → 0 the top areas above the

strips become negligible and the area
under the curve becomes exact.
• Under the special condition of dx → 0,

 is replaced by  and x is replaced by dx

• We express the exact area under the

curve as:
Area   y dx
The Definite Integral
• The area is determined between the
ordinates x = a and x = b, which are
called the limits of integration.
• These limits are shown on the integral
sign. b
Area   y dx
a
• The operation of finding the area is called
integration and the right hand side of the
above equation is called a definite
integral.
The Standard Indefinite Integral
• If y = pxn, where n is a real number
except –1 and p is a constant, then
n 1
p x
     dx  n  1  C
n n
y dx p x dx p x

• where C is called the arbitrary

constant of integration.
• The rule above shows that integration
is the reverse of differentiation.
The Standard Definite Integral
• If y = pxn, where n is a real number
except –1 and p is a constant, then
b b b
 y dx   p x dx  p  p x n dx
n
a a a
b
x  n 1
 p 
 n  1 a
b a 
n 1 n 1
 p  
 n  1 n  1
Functions whose integral is the
logarithm function
• If y = pxn, where n = –1 and p is a
constant, then

 y dx     x dx
1
p n
x dx  p x dx  p 1

 p ln x  C
Integrals of polynomials

• Each term of a polynomial is integrated

separately as shown in the following
example.

 (x  3x  4)dx   x dx   3x dx   4 dx
2 2
Integration of the exponential function

• If y = ex then
    C
x x
y dx e dx e

• If y = epx where p is a constant, then

 y dx   e dx  e C
px 1 px
p
Integration of the trigonometric functions

• The following are standard integrals:

 sin x dx   cos x  C
 cos x dx  sin x  C
 tan x dx   ln cos x  C
 cot x dx  ln sin x  C
 cosec x dx  ln(cosec x  cot x)  C
 sec x dx  ln(sec x  tan x)  C
Integration of the trigonometric functions

• The following can be established:

 sin px dx   p cos px  C
1

 cos px dx  p sin px  C
1

 tan px dx   p ln cos px  C
1

 cot px dx  p ln sin px  C
1

 cosec px dx  p ln(cosec px  cot px)  C

1

 sec px dx  p ln(sec px  tan px)  C

1
Integration of the squared trigonometric
functions
• The following can be established:

   4 sin 2 x  C
2
sin x dx 1
2 x 1

   4 sin 2 x  C
2
cos x dx 1
2 x 1

 x dx  tan x  x  C
2
tan

 x dx   cot x  x  C
2
cot

 x dx   cot x  C
2
cosec

 x dx  tan x  C
2
sec
Example 1

• Determine the integral

 (4 x  3 x  2 x  1)dx
3 2
 Solution

• Given:  ( 4 x 3
 3 x 2
 2 x  1)dx
• Integrate each term separately

        dx   2 x dx   1 dx
3 2 3 2
( 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) dx 4 x dx 3 x
4 4 3 3 2 2 1
 x  x  x  x
4 3 2 1
 x4  x3  x2  x  C
Topic

Integration by the
U-substitution
Method
Integration by algebraic u-substitutions

• The algebraic u-substitution method is

used when the function outside the
bracket is a differential coefficient of the
function outside the bracket apart from a
multiplying constant.
• Is U-substitution valid for these integrals?

 (x  6) x dx  (sin x) cos x dx
2 7 2

 (tan x) sec x dx
5 2
 xe
x2
dx
Functions whose integral is the
logarithm function
• If the numerator of an integral is the
differential coefficient of the denominator
apart from a multiplying constant, u-
substitution can be used for the
denominator.
• Is U-substitution valid for these integrals?
dx du dx
x u  (2x 1)


x dx ( 2 x 1) dx
 ( x2 1) 2 x 2  2 x 7
Example 2

• Determine the integral

 (x  6) x dx
2 7
Solution

• Given:

( x 2  6)7 x dx
• The function outside the bracket is x.
• The differential coefficient of the inner
function is 2x.
• Then u-substitution is applicable.
• Let u = x2 – 6 then du = 2x dx or x dx  1 du
2
• Thus

 (x  6) x dx   u du  u C
2 7 1 7 1 8
2 16

 161 ( x 2  6)8  C
Example 3

• Determine the integral

 (tan
5 2
x) sec x dx
Solution
• Given:

5 2
(tan x ) sec x dx
• Since
d (tan x)
 sec2 x
dx
• Let u = tan x so that du = sec2x dx

    6 u C
5 2 5 1 6
(tan x ) sec x dx u du
 tan x  C
1
6
6
Example 4

• Determine the integral


( 2 x 1) dx
2 x 2  2 x 7
Solution


• Given: ( 2 x 1) dx
2 x 2  2 x 7
• U-substitution can be used for the
denominator
• Let u = 2x2 + 2x + 7 then
du  (4 x  2) dx  2(2 x  1) dx
(2 x  1) dx  12 du
Solution (cont’d)
• Using the u-substitution, we get

 
( 2 x 1) dx
2 x 2  2 x 7
 1
2
du
u  12 ln u  C
 ln(2 x  2 x  7)  C
1
2
2
Example 5

• Determine the integral

e
x2
dx
Solution

• Currently we do not have the

techniques for evaluating this integral
Example 6

• Determine the integral

 xe
x2
dx
Solution

• Given:  x e dx
x2

• Let u = x2 then du = 2x dx or x dx  12 du
• Thus

 x e dx  
x2 1
2 e u
du  2 e C
1 u

x2
 e C
1
2
Topic

Integration of Simple
Products of Sine and
Cosine
Products of sine and cosine

• Integrals of products of sine and cosine

often appear in engineering problems.
• Examples include:

 sin 4x sin 2x dx  sin 3t cos 2t dt

 3 cos 6x cos x dx  1
2 cos 4 sin 2 d
 Integration of Products of sine and cosine

• Express the products of sine and cosine

as sums or differences as follows:

Part of Integrand Method

sin A cos B Use 1
2 [sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)]
Use
cos Asin B 1
2 [sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)]
Use
cos Acos B 1
2 [cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)]
Use
sin Asin B  12 [cos( A  B )  cos( A  B)]
Example 7

• Determine the following integral:

 sin 4x sin 2x dx
Solution
• Given: 
sin 4x sin 2 x dx
• Express as a sum or difference based on

sin A sin B  12 [cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )]

sin A sin B  sin 4 x sin 2 x  12 [cos( A  B)  cos( A  B )]

A  4x and B  2x
sin 4 x sin 2 x  12 [cos(4 x  2 x)  cos(4 x  2 x)]
 12 [cos 2 x  cos 6 x]
Solution (cont’d)

• Express the integral as:

 sin 4 x sin 2 x dx  1
2  (cos 2 x  cos 6 x) dx
 14 sin 2 x  121 sin 6 x  C
Topic

Integration of Powers
of Trigonometric
Functions
Powers of trigonometric functions

• Integrals of powers of trigonometric

functions are often encountered in
engineering.
• Examples are:

 sin x cos x dx  sin x cos x dx

5 5 3

 tan x sec  sin x dx  cos x dx

3 2 2 3
x dx
 Integration of powers of trigonometric functions

• Powers of trigonometric functions

Part of Integrand Method

cos 2 x Use cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1

sin x2 Use cos 2 x  1  2 sin x
2

tan 2 x Use 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

cot x2 Use cot 2 x  1  csc 2 x
If either m or n is odd (but not both), use cos x  sin x  1
2 2

cos m x sin n x If both m and n are even, use either cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1
or cos 2 x  1  2 sin 2 x
Integration of simple powers of
trigonometric functions

• U-substitution can be used if the

trigonometric function raised to the
power is multiplied by its differential
coefficient.
• Is U-substitution valid here?

 sin x cos x dx  (tan x) sec

5 2
5
x dx

 sin x cos  cos x dx

5 3 3
x dx
Example 8

• Determine the integral:

 sin x cos x dx
5
Solution

• Given:  sin 5 x cos x dx

• U-substitution can be used
• Let u = sin x then du = cos x dx
• Thus:

    6u C
5 5 1 6
sin x cos x dx u du
 sin x  C
1
6
6
January 9, 2015

• Continuation ...
Integrals of odd powers of sine and cosine

 x dx  x dx
m
• Integrals of the form sin cos n

• where m and n are positive odd integers

• We can write:

 sin  sin
m 1
m
x dx  x sin x dx

 cos  cos
n 1
n
x dx  x cos x dx
• Since m – 1 and n – 1 are even we may
then use the identities

sin x  1  cos x
2 2
cos x  1  sin x
2 2
Example 9

• Determine the integral


5
sin x dx
Solution

 x dx
5
• Given: sin

 x dx    
5 4 2 2
sin sin x sin x dx (sin x ) sin x dx

  (1  cos 2 x ) 2 sin x dx

• Let u = cos x so that du = –sin x dx

         
5 2 2 2 4
sin x dx (1 u ) du (1 2u u ) du
  u  23 u 3  15 u 5  C
  cos x  2
3 cos3 x  1
5 cos5 x  C
Example 10

• Determine the integral

 cos x
3
dx
Solution

 x dx
3
• Given: cos

 x dx     x cos x dx
3 2 2
cos cos x cos x dx cos

  (1  sin 2 x ) cos x dx

• Let u = sin x so that du = cos x dx

   
3 2
cos x dx (1 u ) du
 u  13 u 3  C
 sin x  1
3 sin x  C
3
Integrals of even powers of sine and cosine

• Integrals of the form

 x dx  x dx
m n
sin cos

• where m and n are positive even integers

• Express as

 cos x dx   (cos x) dx
n

 sin x dx   (sin x) dx
m
m 2 2 n 2 2

• Use the half angle formulas

sin x  (1  cos 2 x)
2 1
2
cos 2 x  12 (1  cos 2 x)
Example 11

• Determine the following integrals:

• A)
 x dx
2
sin

• B)  x dx
2
cos
Solution A

2
• Given: sin x dx
• Use cos 2 x  1  2 sin 2 x
sin 2 x  12  12 cos 2 x
• Thus:

   2 2 cos 2x) dx

2
sin x dx ( 1 1

 12 x  14 sin 2 x  C
Solution B

2
• Given: cos x dx
• Use cos 2 x  2 cos2 x  1
cos2 x  12  12 cos 2 x
• Thus:

   2 2 cos 2x) dx

2
cos x dx ( 1 1

 12 x  14 sin 2 x  C
Example 12

• Determine the integral

 x dx
4
sin
Solution
• Given:  sin 4 x dx
• Use the half angle formula
 x dx   dx   (1  cos 2 x) 2 dx
4 2 2
sin (sin x ) 1
4

    2
1
4 (1 2 cos 2 x cos 2 x ) dx
• Now
cos 2 2 x  12 (1  cos 4 x)  1
2  1
2 cos 4 x

 x dx   (1  2 cos 2 x  
4
sin 1
4
1
2
1
2 cos 4 x) dx

 1
4  2  2 cos 2 x 
( 3 1
2 cos 4 x) dx
 83 x  1
4 sin 2 x  1
32 sin 4 x  C
Integrals of powers of sine and cosine
• Integrals of the form 
m n
sin x cos x dx

• where m and n are positive integers

• If m is even and n is odd, or if n is even and
m is odd we can write:

 
n 1
sin m
x cos n
x dx  sin m
x cos x cos x dx

 
m 1
sin m
x cos n
x dx  sin x cos n
x sin x dx
• then use the identity

cos 2 x  1  sin 2 x
Example 13

• Determine the integrals

• A) 
3 4
cos x sin x dx

• B)  sin 3
x cos 2
x dx
A) Solution


3 4
• Given: cos x sin x dx
• Express in the form:

 x dx  
3 4 2 4
cos x sin cos x sin x cos x dx

   2 4
(1 sin x ) sin x cos x dx

• Let u = sin x so that du = cos x dx

 x dx    du   
3 4 2 4 4 6
cos x sin (1 u ) u (u u ) du
 15 u 5  1
7 u7  C
 1
5 sin 5 x  1
7 sin 7 x  C
B) Solution


3 2
• Given: sin x cos x dx
• Express in the form:

 x dx  
3 2 2 2
sin x cos sin x cos x sin x dx

   2 2
(1 cos x ) cos x sin x dx

• Let u = cos x so that du = – sin x dx

        
3 2 2 2 2 4
sin x cos x dx (1 u ) u du (u u ) du
  13 u 3  1
5 u5  C
  13 cos3 x  1
5 cos5 x  C
Integrals of powers of tangent and secant

• Integrals of the form 

m n
tan x sec x dx

• where m and n are positive integers

• If n is even, we can write:

 
n2
tan m
x sec n
x dx  tan m
x sec x sec 2
x dx

• then use the identity sec 2 x  1  tan 2 x

• for expressing sec n  2 x
• Use the substitution u = tan x
Integrals of powers of tangent and secant (cont’d)

• Integrals of the form 

m n
tan x sec x dx

• where m and n are positive integers

• If m is odd, we can write:

 
m 1 n 1
tan m
x sec n
x dx  tan x sec x sec x tan x dx

• then use the identity tan 2 x  sec 2 x  1

• for expressing tan m  1 x
• Use the substitution u = sec x
Example 14

• Determine the integral:


2 4
tan x sec x dx
Solution
• Given:  tan 2 x sec 4 x dx
• n is even then
  
2 4 2 2 2
tan x sec x dx tan x sec x sec x dx
  tan 2 x (tan 2 x  1) sec 2 x dx
• Let u = tan x so that du  sec 2 x dx

    1) du   
2 4 2 2 4 2
tan x sec x dx u (u (u u ) du
 1
5
u5  1
3
u3
 1
5 tan 5 x  1
3 tan 3 x  C
Topic

Integrals resulting in
Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Integrals resulting in Inverse Trigonometric
functions

• A certain class of integrals results in

inverse trigonometric functions.
• To determine these integrals simply
transform them to the standard forms
using the U-substitution method.
• Examples of such integrals are given in
the table below.
Integrals resulting in Inverse Trigonometric
functions (cont’d)

• Standard forms of integrals

du du u
 1u 2
 sin 1 u  C  a2  u2
 sin 1    C
a
du du 1 1  u 
1  u2  a 2  u 2  a tan  a   C
1
 tan uC

du du 1 1  u 
u u 2 1
 sec 1 u  C  u u 2  a 2  a sec  a   C
a2 u u
 (a  u )  sin 1    (a 2  u 2 )  C
2 2

2 a 2
Example 15

• Determine the integral:

1 dx
 4  x2
Solution
1 dx
• Given: 
4  x2

• This integrals matches this standard integral

du 1 1  u 
 a 2  u 2  a tan  a   C
• We can write
1 dx 1 dx
 4  x 2   2 2  x 2 so that a  2 and u  x
dx 1 1  x 
• Thus  4  x 2  2 tan  2   C
Example 16

• Determine the integral:

3 dx
 1 4x2
Solution
3 dx
• Given: 
1 4x2
• We can write
3 dx 3 dx
 1  4 x 2   1  (2 x) 2
and let u  2 x so that du  2 dx or dx  12 du
3 dx 3 du2 3 du 3
 1 4x2  1 u 2 2  1 u 2 2
1
   tan uC

3
 tan 1 2 x  C
2
Example 17

• Determine the integral:

3 dx
 (9  x 2 )
Solution
3 dx
• Given:  (9  x 2 )

• This integrals matches this standard integral

du u
 a2  u2
 sin 1    C
a

• We can write
3 dx 3 dx
 9  x 2   32  x 2 so that a  3 and u  x
3 dx 1  x 
• Thus  9  x 2  3 sin  3   C
Topic

Integration using
Trigonometric
Substitutions
Trigonometric substitutions

• There is a class of integrals that

require the use of trigonometric
substitutions.
• The table below gives a summary of
some of these integrals and the
substitution to use.
Trigonometric substitutions
• Integrals using Trigonometric substitutions
Part of Integrand Substitution

a2  x2 x  a sin 
a
a b x
2 2 2 x sin 
b

a2  x2 x  a tan 
a
x tan 
a b x
2 2 2
b

x2  a2 x  a sec 
a
b x a
2 2 2 x
b
sec 
Example 18

• Determine the integral:

3 dx
 (9  x 2 )
Solution
• Given: 3 dx 3 dx dx
 (9  x )
2
thus  (9  x )
2
 3
(32  x 2 )
• Thus a = 3 and use x  a sin 
or x  3 sin 
so that dx  3 cos  d
Also x 2  32 sin 2 
• Substitute into the original integral
Solution
• Substituting into the original integral
3 dx 3 cos  d 3 cos  d
 (9  x )
2
 3
(3  3 sin  )
2 2 2
 3
32 (1  sin 2  )
3 cos  d cos  d
 3  3
3 (1  sin  )
2 cos 
 3 d  3  C

x 1 x
Since x  3 sin  then sin   so that   sin
3 3
3 dx 1 x
Thus   3 sin C
(9  x )2 3
Example 19

• Determine the integral:

3 dx
 4  x2
Solution
• Given: 3 dx 3 dx dx
 4  x 2 thus  4  x 2  3 2 2  x 2
• Thus a = 2 and use x  a tan 
or x  2 tan 
so that dx  2 sec  d
2

Also x 2  2 2 tan 2 
• Substitute into the original integral
Solution
• Substituting into the original integral
3 dx 2 sec 2  d 2 sec 2  d
 4  x 2  3 22  22 tan 2   3 22 (1  tan 2  )
2 sec 2  d
 3 2
2 (sec 2  )
d 3
 3   C
2 2
x 1 x
Since x  2 tan  then tan   so that   tan
2 2
3 dx 3 1 x
Thus   tan C
4 x 2
2 2
Topic January 16, 2015

Integration by Partial
Fractions
What are partial fractions?
• The process of expressing a fraction
into simpler fractions – called partial
fractions is summarized in the table
below:
Expression Form of partial fractions
f ( x) A B C
1  
( x  a )( x  b)( x  c) ( x  a ) ( x  b) ( x  c )
f (x) A B C
2  
(x  a)3 ( x  a) ( x  a) 2
( x  a) 3
f ( x) Ax  B C
3 
(ax 2  bx  c )( x  d ) (ax  bx  c) ( x  d )
2
Integration by partial fractions

• Certain functions have to be expressed

into partial fractions before they can be
integrated.
• Examples include:

  
( 2 x  5 ) dx (113 x ) dx 12 dx
( x  2 )( x  3) x 2  2 x 3 ( x 2 9 )
Example 20

• Determine the integral


( 2 x  5 ) dx
( x  2 )( x  3)
Solution


( 2 x  5 ) dx
• Given: ( x  2 )( x  3)
• Express into partial fractions:
(2 x  5) A B
 
( x  2)( x  3) ( x  2) ( x  3)
2 x  5  A( x  3)  B ( x  2)
Let x  3, then  B  1 or B  1
Let x  2, then A  1

(2 x  5) 1 1
 
( x  2)( x  3) ( x  2) ( x  3)
Solution
• The integral is now expressed as:

(2 x  5) dx dx dx
 ( x  2)( x  3)   ( x  2)   ( x  3)
 ln ( x  2)  ln ( x  3)  C
 ln ( x  2)( x  3)  C
Topic

Integration by Parts
What is integration by parts?

• Integrals involving products of two

functions are obtained by splitting the
product into two parts.
• The two parts are referred to as the u-
part and the dv-part.
• An integration by parts formula is
used in the integration process.
Integration by Parts
• The integration by parts formula is
developed from the product rule of
differentiation and is used in the
integration of products of two functions.

 u dv  u v   v du
• Given a product of two terms to
integrate the initial task is to decide the
term that becomes u and v.
Integration by Parts: choice of u-part and dv-part

• The u-part must become a constant

after successive differentiation while
the dv-part can be integrated from
standard integrals.
• Any algebraic term must be chosen to
be the u-part.
• If there is ln x term choose this to be
the u-part.
Example 21
• Determine the integral

 x cos x dx
Solution
• Given:  x cos x dx
• Let I   x cos x dx   u dv  uv   v du
• Let u = x so that du = dx
• Let dv = cos x dx so that v = sin x
• Thus:

I   x cos x dx  x sin x   sin x dx

 x sin x  ( cos x )  C
 x sin x  cos x  C
Example 22

• Determine the integral

 ln x dx
Solution

• Given:  ln x dx   1. ln x dx
• Let I   ln x dx  uv   v du
• Let u = ln x so that du  1x dx
• Let dv = 1. dx so that v = x
• Thus
I   ln x dx  x ln x   x 1x dx  x ln x   dx
 x ln x  x  C
 x(ln x  1)  C
Example 23

• Determine:


x
e cos x dx
Solution

 cos x dx
x
• Given: e

• Let I   e x cos x dx  uv   v du
• Let u = ex so that du = ex dx
• Let dv = cos x dx so that v = sin x
• Thus
I   e x cos x dx  e x sin x   e x sin x dx

• Lets determine
 sin x dx
x
e
Solution (cont’d)

 sin x dx
x
• Given: e

• Let  e x sin x dx  uv   v du
• Let u = ex so that du = ex dx
• Let dv = sin x dx so that v = – cos x
• Thus
     ( cos x) dx
x x x
e sin x dx e ( cos x ) e

 e x cos x   e x cos x dx
•
  e x cos x  I
Solution (cont’d)

• Substituting in the original integral:

I   e cos x dx  e sin x   e sin x dx

x x x

 e x sin x  (e x cos x  I )

 e sin x  e cos x  I
x x

2 I  e x sin x  e x cos x
I  e (sin x  cos x)  C
1
2
x
Topic

Reduction Formulas
What are reduction formulas?

• Reduction formulas are developed to

determine integrals that require
repeated application of the integration
by parts technique.
• (1)  x e dx requires integration by
2 x

parts twice
• (2)  x 3e x dx requires integration by
parts three times
Reduction Formulas
• Reduction formulas provide a quicker
method for determining some integrals that
can fit into such formulas.
• Examples of reduction formulas:
n
x n n 1 ax
 x e dx  a e  a  x e dx
n ax ax

n 1
sin x cos x n 1
 
n2
sin n
x dx    sin x dx
n n
n 1
cos x sin x n 1
 
n2
cos n
x dx   cos x dx
n n
Integral notation
• When using reduction formulas, a
special notation is frequently adopted
to reduce the amount of writing
involved.
• Any integral involving the index or
power n is denoted In.
• Similarly, any integral involving the
index or power n – 1 is denoted In-1, etc
Example 24

• Determine the integral  e dx

2 x
x

• Using the formula

x e dx  x e  n  x e dx or
n x n x n 1 x

I n  x e  nI n 1
n x
Solution
• Given:  e dx
x 2 x

• and I n  x e  nI n 1
n x

• With n = 2,
I 2  x 2 e x  2 I 21
 x 2 e x  2 I1
 x 2 e x  2( x e x  I 0 )
 x 2 e x  2( x e x  e x )

    C
2 x 2 x x x
x e dx x e 2 x e 2 e
 e x ( x 2  2 x  2)  C
Example 25

• Determine the integral  cos x dx

2
x

• Using the formula

I n  x n sin x  nx n 1 cos x  n(n  1) I n 2
Solution


2
• Given: x cos x dx
• and I n  x n sin x  nx n 1 cos x  n(n  1) I n  2
• With n = 2
I 2  x 2 sin x  2 x 21 cos x  2(2  1) I 2 2
 x sin x  2 x cos x  2 I 0
2

 x 2 sin x  2 x cos x  2(sin x)  C

x cos x dx  x sin x  2 x cos x  2 sin x  C

2 2
Example 26

 x dx
4
• Determine the integral sin

• Using the formula

1 n 1 n 1
I n   sin x cos x  I n 1
n n
Solution
• Given: 
4
sin x dx
• and I n   1n sin n 1 x cos x  n 1
n I n 1
• With n = 4
I 4   14 sin 41 x cos x  441 I 4 2   14 sin 3 x cos x  34 I 2
I 2   12 sin 21 x cos x  221 I 2 2   12 sin x cos x  12 I 0
I 0   sin 0 x dx   1. dx  x
I 4   14 sin 3 x cos x  34 ( 12 sin x cos x  12 x)  C

     8 xC
4 3
sin x dx 1
4 sin x cos x 3
8 sin x cos x 3
Topic

Tables of Integrals
Tables of Integrals
• Tables of integrals are available for those
that frequently use integrals in their work.
• These tables are developed from the
standard integration techniques and
should only be used when one is
conversant with these standard
techniques.
• In order to use the tabulated results, the
integral must match the tabulated
integral.
Example 27

• Determine the following integral

dx
x 2
(3  5 x )
2
x0

• given that
du (a 2  u 2 )
u 2
(a 2  u 2 )
 
au2
 C
Solution
• Compare the integral you are solving and
the given result:
du dx
u 2
(a  u )
2 2
 x 2
(3  5 x 2 )
Let a 2  3 and u 2  5 x 2 so that u  5 x
2
du u
du  5 dx so that dx  and x 
2

5 5
• Substitute into the original integral
Solution
• Substituting into the original integral

dx
1
du
x  5
2
(3  5 x )
2 1
5 u 2 (a 2  u 2 )
1 5 du 5 5 du
 
5 1 u (a  u )
2 2 2

5  u 2 (a 2  u 2 )
 (a 2  u 2 )   (3  5 x 2 ) 
  5    5 
 a 2u   3 5x 
   
(3  5 x 2 )
  C
3x
Topic

Applications of Integrations
Applications of Integration

• There are a number of applications of

integral calculus in engineering.
• The determination of areas, mean and
root-mean-square (r.m.s) values,
volumes, centroids and second
moments of area and radius of gyration
are some of these applications.
Area under a curve
• Areas under a curve
b
Area   y dx
a
y = f(x)
y

Area

x
a b
Areas under curve
• In Fig. 1, the areas A1, A2, and A3 under the curve are
given by:
b
A1  A   f ( x) dx
c
A2  A   f ( x ) dx
b c
a b
b
a

d
A3  A   f ( x) dx
d
c A  A1  A2  A3
c

y y = f(x) y = f(x)
y
y
A1 A3
x
a b A2 c d
x
a b
Figure 1 Figure 2
Mean and RMS values
• With reference to Fig. 2, the mean and r.m.s values
between x = a and x = b are given as:
b
Mean value  1

ba a y dx

r.m.s. value  b  a  y dx

 b
1 2
 a 

y y = f(x) y = f(x)
y
y
A1 A3
x
a b A2 c d
x
a b
Figure 1 Figure 2
Volumes of solids of revolution
• With reference to Fig. 3, the volume of revolution,
obtained by rotating area A through one revolution about
the x axis is
b b
Volume V    [ f ( x)] dx    y 2 dx
b 2
a
a a

y y = f(x) y y = f(x)
Area A Area A
C x C
y y
x x
a b a b
Figure 3 Figure 4
Volumes of solids of revolution and Theorem of
Pappus
• The Theorem of Pappus states that if a plane area is rotated
about an axis in its own plane but not intersecting it, the volume
of the solid formed is given by the product of the area and the
distance moved by the centroid of the area.
• With reference to Fig. 3, when the curve y = f(x) is rotated one
revolution about the x-axis between the limits x = a and x= b,
the volume V generated is given by
b
Volume V  2  y A  2  y  y dx
a
y y = f(x) y y = f(x)
Area A Area A
C x C
y y
x x
a b a b
Figure 3 Figure 4
Centroid of an area

• When dealing with an area or lamina of

negligible thickness and mass the term
centre of area or centroid is used for
the point where the centre of gravity
would lie.
Centroid (cont’d)
• If x and y denote the coordinates of the
centroid C of an area, then

b b
 
2
xy dx 1
2 a y dx
x a
b
and y  b
 y dx
a a
y dx
Moments of area and Radius of
Gyration
• The first moment of area about a fixed axis
of a lamina of area A, perpendicular distance
y from the centroid of the lamina is defined
as:
First moment of area  A y

• The second moment of area (denoted by I)

of the same lamina as above is given with
units of mm4, cm4, and so on as:

I  A y2
 Moment of Area about the x-axis
• With reference to Fig. 5, the second
moment of area about the x-axis is

I xx   y 2 dA  b  y 2 dy

b A  b y b A  d x b
y y y
x
y
y
d x x
d x x d G G
c
D D
x
y y y
Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7
 Moment of Area about the y-axis
• With reference to Fig. 6, the second
moment of area about the y-axis is

I yy   x 2 dA  d  x 2 dx

b A  b y b A  d x b
y y y
x
y
y
d x x
d x x d G G
c
D D
x
y y y
Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7
 Parallel axis theorem
• With reference to Fig. 7, the second moment of
area about an axis DD parallel to the centroidal
axis GG is given by the Parallel axis theorem
which states that
I DD  I GG  Ac 2
• where c is the distance between the two axes.

b A  b y b  A  d x b
y y y
x
y
y
d x x
d x x d G G
c
D D
x
y y y
Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7
Topic

End of Lecture 5
Next Lecture

Multivariable
Calculus
Integration of products of sines and cosines

• Express the products of sines and

cosines as sums or differences as
follows:
2 sin 12 (C  D) cos 12 (C  D)  sin C  sin D
2 cos 12 (C  D) sin 12 (C  D)  sin C  sin D
2 cos 12 (C  D) cos 12 (C  D)  cos C  cos D
 2 sin 12 (C  D) sin 12 (C  D)  cos C  cos D
Solution
• Given: 
sin 4x sin 2 x dx
• Express as a sum or difference based on
 2 sin 12 (C  D) sin 12 (C  D)  cos C  cos D
sin 12 (C  D) sin 12 (C  D)  12 (cos D  cos C )
sin 12 (C  D ) sin 12 (C  D)  sin 4 x sin 2 x  12 (cos D  cos C )
1
2 (C  D)  4 x and 1
2 (C  D)  2 x
C  D  8 x and C  D  4 x
2C  12 x or C  6 x and D  2 x
sin 4 x sin 2 x  12 (cos D  cos C )  12 (cos 2 x  cos 6 x)
Centroid (cont’d)
y y=f(x)
• Volumes of solids of revolution
b
Volume    y 2 dx b x
a a

• Centroids of an area
• If x and y denote the coordinates of the
centroid C of an area, then
b b
 
2
xy dx 1
2 a y dx
x a
b
and y  b
 y dx
a a
y dx
Some Applications of Integration
• Areas under and between curves
b
Area   y dx
a

• Mean values
b
Mean value  1

ba a y dx
• Root mean square (rms) value

r.m.s. value  b  a  y dx

 b
1 2
 a 
Problems
Hearing of frequency of sound and
age

Hz

100 1
Age
Hearing of frequency of sound and
age

Hz

100 1
Age