Calculus I

MATH6098

E. Byan Wahyu R., Ph.D.

eriyandwita@binus.edu

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 Today's Lecture
• Derivatives

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 Derivatives

The derivative of a function f with respect to x is the function

f’ defined by the rule

The domain of f’ consists of all values of x for which the limit

exists.

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 Derivatives
Two interpretations of the derivative follow.

1. Geometric Interpretation:
The derivative f’of a function f is a measure of the slope of
the tangent line to the
graph of f at any point
(x,f(x)), provided that the
derivative exists.

2. Physical Interpretation:
The derivative f’ of a
function f measures the
instantaneous rate of
change of f at x.

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 Derivatives

Let y = √x
a. Find dy/dx, and determine its domain.

The domain of dy/dx is (0,∞)

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 Derivatives

b. How fast is y changing at x = 4?

c. Find the slope and an equation of the tangent line to the

graph of the equation y = √x at the point where x = 4.

The slope m of the tangent line to the graph of y = √x at

the point where x = 4 has the same value as the rate of
change of y with respect to x at x = 4.

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 Derivatives

From the result of part (b), we find m = 1/4. Next, when x =

4, y = 2, giving (4,2) as the point of tangency. Finally, using
the point-slope form of an equation of a line, we find

as an equation of the
tangent line.

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 Derivatives

• A function is said to be differentiable at a number if

it has a derivative at that number.

• Loosely speaking, a function f does not have a

derivative at a if the graph of f does not have a
tangent line at a, or if the tangent line does exist,
then it is vertical.

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 Derivatives

Show that the function f(x) = |x| is differentiable everywhere except at 0.

Solution
To prove that f is not differentiable
at 0, we will show that f’(0) does
not exist by demonstrating that
the one-sided limits of the quotient

as h approaches 0 are not equal.

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Some Basic Rules

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Some Basic Rules

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 Some Basic Rules

Example
The derivative of is

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 Derivatives

Find the points on the graph of

f(x) = x4 – 2x2 + 2 where the
tangent line is horizontal.

Solution
At a point on the graph of f where
its tangent line is horizontal, the
derivative of f is zero. So we begin by finding

Setting f’(x) = 0 giving x = -1, 0, or 1. Substituting each of the

numbers into f(x) gives the points (-1,1), (0,2), and (1,1) as the
required points.

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Derivatives

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 Derivatives

Suppose that g(x) = (x2+1)f(x) and it is known that f(2) = 3

and f’(2) = -1. Evaluate g’(2).

Solution
Using the Product Rule, we find

Therefore,

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 Rate of Change of DVD Sales

The sales (in millions of dollars) of a DVD recording of a hit

movie years from the date of release are given by

a. Find the rate at which the sales are changing at time .

b. How fast are the sales changing at the time the DVDs are
released (t = 0)? Two years from the date of release?

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 Rate of Change of DVD Sales

Solution
a. The rate at which the sales are changing at time t is given by
S’(t). Using the Quotient Rule, we obtain

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 Rate of Change of DVD Sales

b. The rate at which the sales are changing at the time the DVDs
are released is given by

That is, they are increasing at the rate of $5 million per year.
Two years from the date of release, the sales are changing at
the rate of

That is, they are decreasing at the rate of $600,000 per year.
The graph of the function is shown in the Figure.

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 Higher-Order Derivatives

Notations for the first, second, third, and in general, the nth
derivative of f are

or

or

respectively

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 The Velocity of Exploding Fireworks

In a fireworks display, a shell is launched vertically

upward from the ground, reaching a height (in feet) of
s = -16t2 +256t
after t sec. The shell is designed to burst when it
reaches its maximum altitude, simultaneously igniting a
cluster of explosives.

a. At what time after the launch will the shell burst?

b. What will the altitude of the shell be at the instant it
explodes?

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 The Velocity of Exploding Fireworks

Solution
a. At its maximum altitude the velocity of the shell is zero.
But the velocity of the shell at any time t is

which is equal to zero when it reach highest altitude.

Therefore, the shell will burst 8 sec after it has been
launched.

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 The Velocity of Exploding Fireworks

The altitude of the shell at the instant it explodes will be

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

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 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Differentiate y = (sec x)(x + tan x)

Solution

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 Simple Harmonic Motion

Suppose that a flexible spring is attached vertically to a rigid

support. If a weight is attached to the free end of the spring, it
will settle in a certain equilibrium position. Suppose that the
weight is pulled downward (a positive direction) and released
from rest from a position that is 3 units below the equilibrium
position at time.
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 Simple Harmonic Motion

Suppose that for a particular spring and weight, the motion is

described by the equation
s = 3 cos t, t≥0

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 Simple Harmonic Motion

a. Find the velocity and acceleration functions describing the

motion.

Solution
Respectivelly, the velocity and the acceleration of the weight at
any time t > 0 are

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 Simple Harmonic Motion

b. Find the values of when the weight passes the equilibrium position.
What are the velocity and acceleration of the weight at these values
of t?

Solution
When s = 0, the weight is at the equilibrium position. Solving the
equation
s = 3 cos t = 0
we see that the required
values of t are t = π/2 + nπ,
where n = 0,1,2,....

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Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

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 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

Find the derivative of

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Derivatives of Exponential Functions

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Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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