Introduction of

transformer
  
Transformer – it is an electrical device that transfer energy between two circuit
through electromagnetic induction.
- also supply system and loads.
- all value of a transformer are proportion to its turn ratio.

 Efficiency of transformer- it is the ratio of useful output power to the input power.
-the input and output power are measured in the same
unit. Its unit is either in Watts or KW.
-it is denoted by

=
HISTORY…
 1830s – Joseph Henry work with electro magnets and discover the
property of the induction independently on separate condition.
 1836 – Rev. Nicolas Callan of Maynooth College, Ireland invents
the induction coil.
 1876 – 1883 – the Gans Company uses induction coil in their
lighting system with AC incandescent system. This is the first
appearance and use of the toroidal shaped transformer.
 1881 – Charles F. Brush of the Brush Electric Company in
Cleveland, Ohio develop his own design of transformer(Brush
transformer Inc.)
1882 – Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs First built a “Secondary generator”

1884 – In Hungary Otto Blathy had suggested the used of closed cores, Karoly
Zipernowsky the use of shunt cconnections and Miksa Deri had performed the
experiments. They found the major flaw of the Gaulard – Gibbs system were were
successful in making a high voltage circuit work using transformers in parallel. There
design was toroidal shape which made it expensive to make. Wires could be easily
wrapped around it by machine by during the manufacturing process.
 1885 – William Stanley makes the transformer more practical due to some design changes.

 1886- William Stanley uses his transformers in the electrification of downtown Great
Barrington, MA. This was the first demonstration of a full AC power distribution system
using step and step down transformers.
 1889- Mikhail Dolivo Dobrovolsky developed the first three phase transformer.
 1891- Thiis transformer was created for the longest power transmission by Mikhail
Dobrovolsky.

- This transformer was created at the beginning of the modern electrical grid.

 1895- Air cooled transformers built by William Stanley for a three phase AC power
station.

 1917- Large Westinghouse transformers from 1917at the Hydropower plant at

Folsom, California.
COMPUTATIONS..
Transformer Ratio

Every winding on the primary side will cause voltage to be induced in each
winding on the secondary. By altering the number of windings (or turns) on either the
primary or secondary side we will automatically alter the voltage ratio.
Formula:
 Example
Notice that there are twice as many turns on the primary
side (16/8 or 2:1) than the secondary side. Also, there are
twice as many volts on the primary side (8/4 or 2:1) than
the secondary side. We call this a 2:1 step-down
transformer because we are stepping the voltage down by
a two to one ratio.
Transformer Ladder
The ladder works on the primary side (replacing
volt-amps for watts) by multiplying each step up
the ladder and dividing each step down the
ladder. This works the same on the secondary.
The ratio of volts from primary to secondary can
also be used.
Example
Determine primary volt-amps, primary amps and secondary watts for the transformer below.

Remember, since the voltage ratio is 2:1, the amps ratio will be the opposite, 1:2. Also, the wattage will be
the same on both the primary and secondary.
 Efficiency of a transformer
Three main causes for power losses in the operation of a transformer:
 Eddy Currents are local short-circuit currents induced in the iron core by alternating magnetic flux. In
circulating in the core they produce heat. They are minimized by cutting the core into thin layers and
laminating each layer.
 Hysteresis is the lagging of the magnetic molecules in the core, in response to the alternating magnetic flux.
This lagging (or out-of-phase) condition is due to the fact that it requires power to reverse magnetic molecules;
they do not reverse until the flux has attained sufficient force to reverse them. Their reversal results in friction,
and friction produces heat in the core which is a form of power loss. Hysteresis is minimized by the use of
special steel alloys properly annealed.
 I²R Loss is sometimes referred to as "copper loss." It is power lost in circulating current in the windings. This
represents the greatest loss in the operation of a transformer. The actual watts of power lost can be determined
(in each winding) by squaring the amperes and multiplying by the resistance in ohms of the winding.
 Efficiency of a transformer
The efficiency of a transformer is reflected in power (wattage) loss between the primary (input) and
secondary (output) windings. Here are three formulas for determining power losses due to efficiency:
 Example
Find the efficiency of a transformer with a primary of 3,000 va and a secondary of 2,400 watts.
Power Factor
Formulas:
Example
Find the power factor of a transformer with a primary of 2,500 VA and a secondary of 2,425 watts.
 Efficiency And Power Factor Losses
With the following formulas we can take into account both power factor and efficiency losses:
 Example
The primary VA of a transformer with a secondary of 941 watts, an efficiency of 98% and a power factor of .
96 is ______ VA.
Application…
 GET THE REQUIRED VOLTAGE
 -Step-up transformer is used to increase the voltage and step down transformer is used to decrease the
voltage level.

 Transformer reduces the voltage level and increases the current in welding process. It converts 230 V
AC, to 17-45 AC and 55-590 Amp high current.
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR/VOLTAGE STABILIZER
 -This can be easily seen at your home for over voltage protection.

 RECTIFICATION
 Rectification is the process of converting A.C to D.C. Rectification is important for high
voltage transmission. The best example of rectifier is a mobile charger
IMPEDANCE MATCHING
-It is used to maximize the power transfer or minimize
signal reflection of the input impedance of an electrical load or the
output impedance of its corresponding signal source from the load. 

ISOLATE TWO CIRCUITS

-It allows an AC signal or power to be taken from one device and
fed into another without electrically connecting the two circuits.
 ELECTRICAL MEASURING DEVICE
 Transformer is used in the construction of electrical measuring device such as
voltmeter, ammeter, relay, etc. It operates instruments or metering from high
voltage or high current circuits, safely isolating secondary control circuitry from
the high voltages or currents.
 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
 -It is widely used in power transmission and distribution. It transmits electricity at
a long distance at high voltage and then reducing it to a lower voltage for lighting.
THANK YOU….