MOBILE COMPUTING

ASST. PROF. RITESH PATEL

ASST. PROF. PARTH SHAH
C.E. DEPT., CIT-CHANGA

riteshpatel.ce@ecchanga.ac.in
parthshah.ce@ecchanga.ac.in
OUT LINE
 GSM Architecture

 SMS Architecture

 GPRS Architecture

 MMS Architecture
GSM SERVICES
 Tele-services
 Bearer or Data Service
 Supplementary Services
TELE SERVICES
• Telecommunication services that enable voice communication
via mobile phones
• Offered services
- Mobile telephony
- Emergency calling
BEARER SERVICES
 Include various data services for information transfer between
GSM and other networks like PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to
9600 bps
 Short Message Service (SMS)
 up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission to/from the
mobile terminal
 Voice mailbox
 Electronic mail
SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES
Call related services :
• Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset
• Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call
• Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
• Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user
• Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together
• CLIP – Caller line identification presentation
• CLIR – Caller line identification restriction
• CUG – Closed user group
 PSTN
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE ISDN
PDN
BSC
MS BTS
MSC

GMSC

BTS BSC

VLR
MS

BTS EIR
AUC
MS HLR
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
LOGICAL VIEW OF GSM NETWORK
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE-I
 Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
MOBILE STATION (MS)
The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:

1. Mobile Equipment (ME)

2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
MOBILE STATION (MS)
Mobile Equipment

 Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device

 Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
 Voice and data transmission
 Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells for
optimum handover
 Power level : 0.8W – 20 W
 160 character long SMS.
MOBILE STATION (MS) CONTD.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

 Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI)
 Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other
subscribed services
 Encoded network identification details
- Key Ki, Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms
 Protected by a password or PIN
 Can be moved from phone to phone
MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITIES IN GSM
 IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity
 MCC + MNC + MSIN
 Shall not exceed 15 digits
 First 2 digits of MSIN identify HLR
 TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
 It is MSC-VLR Specific
 MSISDN: Mobile Station ISDN
 Composed of CC + NDC + SN
 First two digits of SN identify HLR
CONTINUE……
 MSRN: Mobile Station Roaming Number
 Allocated Temporary during roaming
 It is used by HLR to reroute the call to roaming area
 It is per call basis
 Upon receiving MSRN, HLR informs to GMSC
 IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity
 It is used to determine
 authorized (white),
 unauthorized (black), and
 malfunctioning (gray) GSM hardware
 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)
Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that
communicate across the standardized Abis interface allowing
operation between components made by different suppliers
1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2. Base Station Controller (BSC)
BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
 Encodes,encrypts,multiplexes,modulates and feeds the
RF signals to the antenna.
 Frequency hopping
 Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
 Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Manages Radio resources for BTS
 Assigns Frequency and time slots for all
MS’s in its area
 Handles call set up
 Transcoding and rate adaptation
functionality
 Handover for each MS
 Radio Power control
 It communicates with MSC and BTS
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
 Heart of the network
 Manages communication between GSM and other networks
 Call setup function and basic switching
 Call routing
 Billing information and collection
 Mobility management
- Registration
- Location Updating
- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff
 MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to
other network by using HLR/VLR.
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM

 Home Location Registers (HLR)

- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service

area(generally one per GSM network operator)
 database contains IMSI, MSISDN, prepaid/postpaid, roaming
restrictions, supplementary services.

 Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

 Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area,

by HLR database
 Controls those mobiles roaming in its area
 Reduces number of queries to HLR
 Database contains IMSI, TMSI, MSISDN, MSRN, Location Area,
authentication key
 NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM

 Authentication Center (AUC)

 Protects against intruders in air interface
 Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and provides
security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)
 Generally associated with HLR

 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

- Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI
(International Mobile Equipment Identity)
 Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black
List and the Gray List
 Only one EIR per PLMN
GSM SPECIFICATIONS-1
RF Spectrum
GSM 900
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink):935-960 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 25 Mhz

GSM 1800
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink) 1805-1880 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 75 Mhz
GSM SPECIFICATION-II

 Carrier Separation : 200 Khz

 Duplex Distance : 45 Mhz
 No. of RF carriers : 124
 Access Method : TDMA/FDMA
 Modulation Method : GMSK
 Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps
GSM ARCHITECTURE
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
FULL NETWORK DIAGRAM
FUNCTIONAL GROUPING: REF. POINTS
CALL ROUTING
 Call Originating from MS
 Call termination to MS
OUTGOING CALL
1. MS sends dialed number to BSS
2. BSS sends dialed number to MSC
3. MSC checks VLR if MS is allowed
the requested service. If so, MSC asks
BSS to allocate resources for call.
5 MSC routes the call to GMSC
6 GMSC routes the call to local
exchange of called user
7, 8,9,10 Answer back(ring back) tone is
routed from called user to MS via
GMSC,MSC,BSS
 1. Calling a GSM
INCOMING CALL subscribers
2. Forwarding call to
GSMC
3. Signal Setup to HLR
4. 5. Request MSRN from
VLR
6. Forward responsible
MSC to GMSC
7. Forward Call to current
MSC
8. 9. Get current status of
MS
10.11. Paging of MS
12.13. MS answers
14.15. Security checks
16.17. Set up connection
ARCHITECTURE EXAMLE
EXERCISE,…………..
HANDOVERS

 Channel Handover
 Between 1 and 2 – Inter
BTS / Intra BSC
 Between 1 and 3 –
Inter BSC/ Intra MSC
 Between 1 and 4 –
Inter MSC
ARCHITECTURE EXAMPLE: HANDOVER
SECURITY IN GSM
 On air interface, GSM uses encryption and TMSI instead of IMSI.
 SIM is provided 4-8 digit PIN to validate the ownership of SIM
 3 algorithms are specified :
- A3 algorithm for authentication
- A5 algorithm for encryption
- A8 algorithm for key generation
AUTHENTICATION IN GSM
KEY GENERATION AND ENCRYPTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF GSM
STANDARD

Fully digital system using 900,1800 MHz frequency band.
 TDMA over radio carriers(200 KHz carrier spacing.
 8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier.
 User/terminal authentication for fraud control.
 Encryption of speech and data transmission over the radio
path.
 Full international roaming capability.
 Low speed data services (upto 9.6 Kb/s).
 Compatibility with ISDN.
 Support of Short Message Service (SMS).
ADVANTAGES OF GSM OVER ANALOG SYSTEM
 Capacity increases
 Reduced RF transmission power and longer battery life.
 International roaming capability.
 Better security against fraud (through terminal validation and user
authentication).
 Encryption capability for information security and privacy.
 Compatibility with ISDN, leading to wider range of services
GSM APPLICATIONS
 Mobile telephony
 GSM-R
 Telemetry System

- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
 Value Added Services
QQQ……& AAA………
GSM
SMS INTRODUCTION
 The Short Message Service (SMS) is the ability
to send and receive text messages to and from
mobile telephones.
 The text can comprise of words or numbers or an
alphanumeric combination.
 Length:160 characters in Latin alphabets
 70 characters in length when non-Latin alphabets
such as Arabic and Chinese are used
SMS ARCHITECTURE
MOSM
MTSM
MESSAGE ROUTING
QQQ……& AAA………
SMS
GPRS INTRODUCTION
BENEFITS OF GPRS

 Higher Data Rate

 GSM, the connection setup takes several seconds and
rates for data transmission are restricted to 9.6 kbit/s
 Easy Billing

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SERVICES OF GPRS

 Mobility
 Immediacy
 Localization

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APPLICATION OF GPRS
 Communications
 E-mail, fax, unified messaging and intranet/Internet access etc.
 Value-added services
 Information services and games etc.
 E-commerce
 Retail, ticket purchasing, banking and financial trading etc.
 Location-based applications
 Navigation, traffic conditions, airline/rail schedules and location finder etc.
 Advertising
 Advertising may be location sensitive. For example, a user entering a mall can
receive advertisements specific to the stores in that mall.

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GSM ARCHITECTURE
GPRS ARCHITECTURE
MODIFICATIONS TO GSM NETWORK
ELEMENTS

61
GPRS - QUALITY OF SERVICE
 Service Precedence
 The service precedence is the priority of a service in relation to another
service
 Reliability
 Three reliability classes are defined, which guarantee certain maximum
values for the probability of loss, duplication, mis-sequencing, and
corruption of packets
 Delay
 the delay for request and assignment of radio resources and the transit delay
in the GPRS backbone network. Transfer delays outside the GPRS network
 Throughput
 specifies the maximum/peak bit rate and the mean bit rate

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DATA SERVICE IN GPRS
 Modes
 Application Mode
 Tunneling Mode
 GPRS Handsets
 Class A
 GPRS data and GSM voice and SMS
 Simultaneous attach, activation, monitor and traffic
 Class B
 Monitor GSM and GPRS channel simultaneously
 Simultaneous attach, activation, monitor but not Simultaneous traffic
 Class C
 Support nonsimultaneous attach
 Data services supported
 SMS, WAP and MMS
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REFERENCE POINTS
LIMITATION OF GPRS
 Limited Cell Capacity for all user
 Voice and GPRS data on same network
 Speed Lower in Reality
 Practically not possible to allocate all 8 slots to user
 Mobile Server not Supported

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MMS INTRODUCTION
 MMS supports the transmission of various media
types:
 text
 picture
 audio
 video
 combinations of the above
QQQ……& AAA………
REFERENCES
 Mobile Computing, Asoke Talukder, Roopa
Yavagal
 www.eventhelix.com
 www.gsmworld.com
 www.gsmfordummies.com
THANK YOU………

 riteshpatel.ce@ecchanga.ac.in
MOBILE IP
MOBILE IP