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Review of Probability T4 1

This document provides an overview of probability and key concepts such as experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, events, and calculating probabilities. It discusses examples involving dice, coins, and cards to demonstrate these concepts. The document explains that probability deals with studying random and non-deterministic experiments and outcomes, and how to calculate probabilities for single outcomes, ranges of outcomes, and events. It also provides examples of applying probability to real-world scenarios like surveys.

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Clarence Monteroso
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40 views17 pages

Review of Probability T4 1

This document provides an overview of probability and key concepts such as experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, events, and calculating probabilities. It discusses examples involving dice, coins, and cards to demonstrate these concepts. The document explains that probability deals with studying random and non-deterministic experiments and outcomes, and how to calculate probabilities for single outcomes, ranges of outcomes, and events. It also provides examples of applying probability to real-world scenarios like surveys.

Uploaded by

Clarence Monteroso
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBABILITY

A REVIEW
probability
 
PROBABILITY: DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF RANDOM AND
NON DETERMINISTIC EXPERIMENTS. It deals with the study of
chances – tossing a coin, tossing a die, dealing a card, etc.
Experiments: activities that produce outcome. The outcome
may be a success or failure.
probability
Probabilities are often discussed in terms
of outcomes and events within a sample space. 
Outcome: The result of one trial
Sample space: The collection of all possible outcomes of an
experiment
Event: A particular outcome or collection of outcomes
(subset of the sample space)
We can show the probability of any one
value using this style:

P(X = value) = probability of that value


Example: Throw a die once
X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
In this case they are all equally likely,
so the probability of any one is 1/6
P(X = 1) = 1/6 P(X = 4) = 1/6
P(X = 2) = 1/6 P(X = 5) = 1/6
P(X = 3) = 1/6 P(X = 6) = 1/6
Note that the sum of the probabilities = 1, as it should be.
Example: Toss three coins.
X = "The number of Heads" of the Random Variable.
In this case, there could be 0 Heads (if all the coins land
Tails up),1 Head, 2 Heads or 3 Heads.
So the,
Values of Random Variable X = {0, 1, 2, 3}

But this time the outcomes are NOT all equally likely.
The three coins can land in eight possible ways:

Looking at the table we see just 1 case


of Three Heads, but 3 cases of Two
Heads, 3 cases of One Head, and 1
case of Zero Heads. So:
•P(X = 3) = 1/8
•P(X = 2) = 3/8
•P(X = 1) = 3/8
•P(X = 0) = 1/8
Example: Two dice are tossed.
Sample space for two dice (ordered pairs)

D1/ D2 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
2 (2,1)
3 (3,1)
4 (4,1)
5 (5,1)
6 (6,1)

Total of sample space : _____


Example: Two dice are tossed.
The Random Variable is X = "The sum of the scores on the
two dice".
Let's make a table of all possible values:
There are 6 × 6 = 36 of Sample Space
The Random Variable is X = "The sum of the scores
on the two dice". X = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
Let's count how often each value occurs, and work out the probabilities:
2 occurs just once, so P(X = 2) = 1/36
3 occurs twice, so P(X = 3) = 2/36 = 1/18
4 occurs three times, so P(X = 4) = 3/36 = 1/12
5 occurs four times, so P(X = 5) = 4/36 = 1/9
6 occurs five times, so P(X = 6) = 5/36
7 occurs six times, so P(X = 7) = 6/36 = 1/6
8 occurs five times, so P(X = 8) = 5/36
9 occurs four times, so P(X = 9) = 4/36 = 1/9
10 occurs three times, so P(X = 10) = 3/36 = 1/12
11 occurs twice, so P(X = 11) = 2/36 = 1/18
12 occurs just once, so P(X = 12) = 1/36
A Range of Values
We could also calculate the probability that a
Random Variable takes on a range of values.
Example: What is the probability that the sum of
the scores is 5, 6, 7 or 8?
In other words: What is P(5 ≤ X ≤ 8)?
P(5 ≤ X ≤ 8) = P(X = 5) + P(X = 6) + P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)
= (4+5+6+5)/36
= 20/36
= 5/9
Developing mastery no. 3
1. A student is performing an experiment that involves randomly selecting one card from a standard 52-card deck to
determine the probability of pulling a diamond.
In this example, the sample space is {diamond, heart, spade, club}. The event of interest is pulling a card that is a diamond.
On the first trial she pulls a spade; this is the outcome of the first trial, it is not a success. She places that card back in the
deck and pulls another card, a diamond; this is the outcome of the second trial and it is a success.
Developing mastery no. 3
2. What is the probability that a card randomly
selected from a standard 52-card deck will be the
five of clubs?
In this example, the sample space is all 52 cards.
The event of interest is the five of clubs.
Practical application
A pet food company is conducting research concerning fish ownership.
They survey a random sample of 1,000 Filipinos and ask them “Do you
own a pet fish?” The sample space is {yes, no}. Thus, there are two
possible events for each individual: owning a fish and not owning a fish.
The first person they survey answers “no,” this is the outcome of the
first trial. They repeat 999 more trials to obtain 999 more outcomes. Of
the 1,000 Filipinos surveyed, 88 responded "yes." The proportion of the
sample that owns a fish is 88/1000 = .088
Quiz no. 3
1. What is the probability that a randomly selected card from a
standard 52-card deck will be a spade?
2. If you roll a six-sided die, what is the probability of getting an
odd number?
3. There are a total of 500 raffle tickets and you have purchased
10. What is the probability that one of your tickets will be
randomly selected to win the raffle?
Lord, I can do all things through
you who strengthen me!
– philippians 4:13

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