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Cell - The Fundamental Unit of Life LESSON

This document provides an overview of the cell as the fundamental unit of life across 3 sessions. Session 1 introduces cells, discussing how Robert Hooke discovered cells in cork and developed the first cell theory. The key components of cells - plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus - are explained. Session 2 focuses on the nucleus as the controlling center of the cell, describing its structure, chromosomes, DNA, and nucleolus. The last section contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting differences in genetic material and organelles.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
145 views104 pages

Cell - The Fundamental Unit of Life LESSON

This document provides an overview of the cell as the fundamental unit of life across 3 sessions. Session 1 introduces cells, discussing how Robert Hooke discovered cells in cork and developed the first cell theory. The key components of cells - plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus - are explained. Session 2 focuses on the nucleus as the controlling center of the cell, describing its structure, chromosomes, DNA, and nucleolus. The last section contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting differences in genetic material and organelles.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOPIC: Fundamental unit of life

Total No of Sessions: 3
Session 1: Introduction to cell, Plasma membrane and
Cell wall
SESSION - I
TRY TO ANSWER

1. What is the common thing in all living things?


2. what is a cell?
3. Who discovered cell?
4. How did Robert Hooke happen to discover the
cell?
The Fundamental
Unit Of Life
HUMAN SKIN CELLS NERVE CELLS
Guard
cells

Epidermal
Cells
Who introduced cells to us?
What did he observe?
Cork cells

A book of illustrations
called Micrographia has
just been published by the
English natural
philosopher, Robert
Hooke. It was in his
description of cork that
he first used the term
"cell"
Why Call it a Cell?

Hooke's drawings show the detailed shape and structure


of a thinly sliced piece of cork. When it came time to name
these chambers he used the word 'cell' to describe them,
because they reminded him of the bare wall rooms where
monks lived. These rooms were called cells.
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
Kinds of cells
What is a cell?

A cell is a mass of cytoplasm that is bound


externally by a cell membrane. Usually
microscopic in size, cells are the smallest
structural units of living matter and compose all
living things.
Cell is called the structural and fundamental
unit of life.
Why is cell the structural and
fundamental unit of life?

Cell is called the structural unit of life because the


body of all the organisms is made up of cells.
It is functional unit of life because all the
functions of body (physiological, biochemical.
genetic and other functions) are carried out by
cells.
Contributions of
scientists to
Cell Biology
Name of the scientist Contributions Year of contribution

Discovered dead cells in the 1665


Robert Hooke bark of a tree.

Discovered blood cells,


spermatozoa and a lively
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek world of “animalcules” 1673

Robert Brown Discovered Nucleus. 1833

Dujardin Discovered Protoplasm 1835

Purkinjee Coined the term Protoplasm 1839


Cell Theory
Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists:

Ø German physiologist – Theodor Schwann

Ø German biologist – Matthias Schleiden


Cell theory states that

ü All plants and animals are composed of cells.

ü Cell is the basic unit of life.

Cell theory was expanded by – Rudolf Virchow.

ü All cells arise from the pre-existing cells.


How Many Cells Are in the Human Body?

All living beings are made up of cells. Some of them


are made up of only one cell and others have many
cells. The average adult human body has around 37.2
trillion cells.
Who discovered cell ?

Who used the term animalcules?

Who proposed cell theory?

What does cell theory state?

Can you name some unicellular and


multicellular organisms?
Common structures of a living cell

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus
Three important
components of a cell
are:

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
The Organization of a
Cell
Movement of cell membrane to
allow substances in and out
Cell membranes act as barriers to
most, but not all, molecules.
Development of a cell membrane that
could allow some materials to pass
while constraining the movement of
other molecules was a major step in
the evolution of the cell.
Cell membranes are differentially (or
semi-) permeable barriers separating
the inner cellular environment from
the outer cellular (or external)
environment.
Cells and Diffusion
Water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are
among the few simple molecules that can
cross the cell membrane by diffusion .
Examples
• Gas exchange in gills and lungs.
• Carbon dioxide which is produced by all
cells as a result of cellular metabolic
processes
Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-
permeable (or differentially permeable or selectively
permeable) membrane.
Solutions
Hypertonic solutions are those in which more
solute (and hence lower water potential) is
present.
Hypotonic solutions are those with less solute
(again read as higher water potential).
Isotonic solutions have equal (iso-)
concentrations of substances.
Water potentials are thus equal, although there
will still be equal amounts of water movement
in and out of the cell, the net flow is zero.
What happens to cell
when it is placed in
different kinds of
solutions ???
Animal cell in different kinds of solutions
Plant cell in different kinds of solutions
Hypotonic Solutions
• If the concentration of water outside the cell
is higher than the concentration of water
inside the cell the cell gains water by the
process of osmosis.
• Water can move into the cell from the cell
membrane. In the case of hypotonic solutions,
more amount of water enters the cells which
results in swelling of the cells.
   
Isotonic Solutions
• If the cells are put in an environment
which has similar concentration of water
as present inside. This state allows for the
free movement of water across the
membrane without changing
concentration of solutes on either side.
• Therefore, the size of the cell does not
vary in an isotonic solution because there
is no net movement of water.
Hypertonic Solutions
• If the cells are kept in an environment which
has lower concentration of water than what is
present inside the cells then due to the
process of osmosis water moves out of the
cells.
• This results in a decrease in size of the cells
(they shrink) as more amount of water comes
out of the cell.
   
Endocytosis
It is a process by which the plasma membrane
engulfs food and other materials inside the cell.
Cell Wall

Cell Wall • The


wall is a
cell

outer, hard
covering of
the cell
which
maintains
the shape of
the cell.
• The cell
wall is
generally
made up of
cellulose.
What is Plasmolysis ?

Plasmolysis is a process in which the contents


of the cell that are away from the cell wall
shrink or contract when a cell loses water due
to Osmosis when it is kept in hypertonic
solution.
Normal plant
cell
Plasmolysed
plant cell
Points to remember
Can dead cells absorb water? No, dead
cells cannot absorb water through osmosis.
• How plants, fungi, and bacteria can exist in
hypotonic medium?
Plants, fungi, and bacteria exist in such situations
because of their rigid cell membranes. Even if the
cells swell up the cell membrane is able to prevent
them from bursting out.
Its your turn !!!
Why is cell membrane called a semi
permeable membrane ?
Define hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic
solution.
YOUTUBE LINKS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GaIPFs52cUU

OSMOSIS IN EGG

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSS3EtKAzYc&t=3s
END OF SESSION - I
SESSION - II
NUCLEUS – BRAIN
OF THE CELL
The Nucleus
Nucleus is a
prominent,
organelle present
in cell which is the
controlling centre
of all activities of
cell.
More into the nucleus
The Structure of the Nucleus
• A nucleus has a nuclear membrane which covers it all
around.
• There are pores present on the nuclear membrane that
allow movement of substances in and out of the nucleus.
• There are chromosomes, rod-shaped structures present in
the nucleus which contain genetic information.
The chromosomes contain two types of things -
1. DNA - This is responsible for organizing and
constructing new cells
2. Proteins - These help in packaging and
condensation of DNA.
Chromatin
Chromatin is thread-like material present in a cell.
The chromatin organizes itself into chromosomes
whenever the cell is about to divide.
Nucleolus
It is called as the Brain of the Nucleus. It
comprises of 25% of the volume of the nucleus.
It consists of proteins and ribonucleic acids
(RNA). It helps in formation of ribosomes which
help in formation of proteins inside the cell.
NUCLEOID
What is a nucleoid?
Sometimes cells do not have a well-defined nucleus
because they lack a nuclear membrane. Such a
nucleus with no definite nuclear boundaries is called
a Nucleoid.
What are the prokaryotes?
Organisms whose cells do not have a well defined
nucleus are called Prokaryotes.
What are eukaryotes?
Organisms whose cells contain a well-defined
nucleus are called Eukaryotes.
PROKARYOTES
CHARACTERISTICS
OF PROKARYOTES
They are very small, smaller than bacteria
They cannot be seen under a compound microscope
They do not have a well defined nucleus
Their DNA is scattered in the cytoplasm and is called nucleoid.
They lack membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm forms temporary structures to perform various functions
of the cell.
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
DNA is circular,
DNA is linear, found
Genetic information usually free-floating in
in nucleus
cytoplasm
Has nucleus and
membrane-bound
No nucleus or
organelles (ie:
Organelles membrane-bound
mitochondria,
organelles
chloroplasts, Golgi
body, ER)
Small (1-5 Larger (10-100
Size
micrometers) micrometers)
Animals, plants,
Organisms Bacteria/archaea
fungi, protists
Can be unicellular or
Cell structure Always unicellular
multicellular
CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasm
• The plasma membrane has a fluid like substance in it
which is called the cytoplasm.
• The cytoplasm contains several organelles that can
perform distinct functions of the cell
Functions of Cytoplasm
• It supports and suspends the cell organelles and
molecules.
• The cellular processes occur in cytoplasm such as
formation of proteins.
• It allows movement of substances in the cell such as
hormones.
• It dissolves cellular wastes.
WELCOME
TO THE
SESSION OF ORGANELLES
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Cables of the cell)
• Network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm
of a eukaryotic cell.

• Continuous with the nuclear membrane.

Helps move substances within cells Network of


interconnected membranes
Two types

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum


Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes attached to surface

Manufacture proteins

Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER


May modify proteins from ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

No attached ribosomes
Has enzymes that help build molecules Carbohydrates and lipids
Functions of ER
RER synthesizes proteins
SER produces lipids (fats)
Help in membrane biogenesis.
Some proteins and lipids function as enzymes and hormones.
Serves as channels of transport between various regions of the
cytoplasm or between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
It provides the frame work for certain biochemical activities.
In the liver cells of vertebrates , it detoxifies the poisons and
drugs.
What may happen if ER does not
exist in the cell? ? ?

Membrane biogenesis gets affected .


Detoxification of drugs does not take place.
Some of the biochemical activities get disturbed.
Transportation of substances within the cell is hindered.
Abnormal bone growth.
Golgi Apparatus
1. Molecules come from ER in vesicles

2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane

3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi


Golgi Apparatus
Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
Packaging & shipping station of cell
Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)

4. Molecules pinched-off in separate


vesicle

5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus

6. Vesicles may combine with plasma


membrane to secrete content

Note : A Vesicle is just a phospholipid


bilayer sac containing fluid. A Vacuole
is a specific type of vesicle specialised
mainly for storage.
Lysosomes
Contain digestive
enzymes.

Functions
Aid in cell renewal

Break down old cell


parts

Digests invaders
RECAP
• Nucleus is the centrally located oval or spherical entity
which is responsible for cellular reproduction.

• Cytoplasm is the living stuff which holds many cellular


components helps in carrying out various functions.

• Golgi apparatus helps in packaging and despatching of


substances to the specific targets.
• ER serves as channels for the transport of proteins and
Lysosomes are meant for waste disposal.
Try to answer
 What is the nickname of the nucleus?
 Name the hereditary unit of life.
 List two functions of endoplasmic reticulum.
 Name the organelle which helps in the formation of
lysosome.
 Lysosome is called the suicidal bag of cell as it can kill its
own cell. How does it digest its own cell?
YOUTUBE LINKS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PqG6HDZxos&t=18s
END OF SESSION - 2
SESSION - 3
TRY TO ANSWER
1. which cell organelle is considered as
power house of the cell?
2. Can you say which organelle is nicknamed
as Kitchen of the cell?
3. Which cell organelle stores cell sap?
4. Which is the entity present in the cell often
compared to the brain of cell?
5. How does the living organisms divide?
Mitochondria
They are small rod-shaped organelles.

It is a double membrane structure with outer


membrane being smooth and porous whereas inner
membrane being thrown into a number of folds called
cristae.

They contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

They are absent in bacteria and red blood cells of


mammals.
POWER
HOUSE OF THE CELL

CRISTAE – INCREASE
SURFACE AREA FOR
RESPIRATION
Functions of mitochondria:
Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids

Release energy

• They are the sites of cellular respiration, hence provide energy

for the vital activities of living cells.

• They store energy releases during reactions, in the form of ATP

(Energy currency of the cell). Therefore, they are also called

‘power house’ of the cell.


POINTS TO PONDER
NICKNAME - POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL

STRUCTURE – DOUBLE MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLE

OUTER MEMBRANE IS SMOOTH AND POROUS

INNER MEMBRANE IS FOLDED AND ARE CALLED


CRISTAE.

FUNCTION - SITE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

STORES ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP

(ATP – ADENOSINE TRI PHOSPHATE)


LEUCOPLASTS

PLASTIDS
PLASTIDS

CHROMOPLASTS

CHROMOPLASTS GREEN COLOURED ARE


CALLED CHLOROPLASTS
FOUND IN PLANT CELLS ONLY.

STRUCTURE : Somewhat similar to


mitochondria in appearance
Double membrane bound organelle
Inner membrane is folded
Inner folds are embedded in stroma.
Compare plastids with
mitochondria
SIMILAR TO MITOCHONDRIA because
they are double membrane bound organelles
they contain their own DNA and ribosomes
CHLOROPLASTS
CHROMOPLASTS

COLOURFUL PLASTIDS Impart colours to different parts


of the plant body
Like a flower, a fruit and a vegetable
LEUCOPLASTS
STORE – FATS,OILS,PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATES
VACUOLES
Storage bins of cells as they store solid or liquid contents.
• They provide turgidity and rigidity to plant cells.
• They store aminoacids, sugars, organic acids etc.
• Food vacuoles in organisms like amoeba help in
digestion.
• Contractile vacuoles help in expelling water and wastes.
• MAINTAIN THE SHAPE OF PLANT CELL
• GIVE TURGIDITY AND RIGIDITY TO THE CELL
• THEY STORE FOOD, WATER AND WASTES ALSO
RECAP

1. Mention the function of Leucoplasts ?


2. Which type of cell division occurs in
somatic cells?
3. Write one functions of vacuole?
YOUTUBE LINKS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwAFZb8juMQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idBOLFoeoRo
END OF THE LESSON

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