EST 130 BASICS OF ELECTRICAL

AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Presented by,
Asst. Prof. Anila Joy
Christ Knowledge City
 EST 130 BASICS OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
➢3 Modules
➢Notebook
➢Calculator
Text Books
1. D P Kothari and I J Nagrath, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.
2. D C Kulshreshtha, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.
3. M.S.Sukhija and T.K.Nagsarkar, Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Oxford
University
Press, 2012.
Reference Books
1. Del Toro V, “Electrical Engineering Fundamentals”, Pearson Education.
2. T. K. Nagsarkar, M. S. Sukhija, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Oxford Higher Education.
2
Contd…

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

❖End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part I – Basic Electrical Engineering and
Part II – Basic Electronics Engineering.
❖Part I and PART II carries 50 marks each. For the end semester examination, part I contain 2 parts - Part
A and Part B.
❖Part A contain 5 questions carrying 4 marks each (not exceeding 2 questions from each module).
❖Part B contains 2 questions from each module out of which one to be answered. Each question carries 10
3
mark and can have maximum 2 subdivisions.
 MODULE 1
Elementary Concepts of Electric Circuits
• Elementary concepts of DC electric circuits: Basic Terminology including
voltage, current, power, resistance, emf ; Resistances in series and parallel;
Current and Voltage Division Rules; Capacitors & Inductors: V-I relations and
energy stored. Ohms Law and Kirchhoff's laws-Problems; Star-delta conversion
(resistive networks only-derivation not required)-problems.
• Analysis of DC electric circuits: Mesh current method - Matrix representation -
Solution of network equations. Node voltage methods-matrix representation-
solution of network equations by matrix methods. Numerical problems.

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 Fundamentals of Electricity
• Structure of Matter
• Modern electron theory
• Structure of an atom
• Concept of charge
• Total deficiency or addition of excess electrons in an atom is called its charge
and the element is said to be charged.
• Unit of charge

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 Nature of Electricity
➢Every matter is electrical in nature since it contains charged particles like
protons and electrons.
➢A body is neutral as it contains same number of protons as that of electrons.
➢If from a neutral body some electrons are removed, then the body attains
positive charge.
➢If a neutral body is supplied with some electrons , then the body attains
negative charge.

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 Concept of Electromotive Force and Current

➢An Electrical effort required to drift the free electrons in one particular
direction, in a conductor is called Electromotive Force.
➢Current is flow of electrons and electrons are the constituents of matter. 7
Concept of Electric Potential and Potential Difference
➢When two similarly charged particles are brought near, they try to repel each other while
dissimilar charges attract each other.
➢This means, every charged particle has a tendency to do work.
➢This ability of a charged particle to do work is called its Electric potential.
➢The unit of Electric potential is Volt.

➢The difference between the electric potentials at any two given points in a circuit is known as
Potential Difference (Pd) . This is also called voltage between the two points and measured in
Volts.
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 Electrical Terms
1. Electric Current
➢The continuous flow of free electrons constitutes an electric current or It is the rate of flow of
electric charges.
➢The unit of current is ampere (A) ie., Coulomb /sec and is measured by Ammeter. It is denoted
by the letter “I".
➢Electric Current is a Scalar Quantity
One Ampere
➢If one coulomb charge cross over the area of cross section of the conductor per one second then
the value of current flows through the conductor is called' One Ampere' .
Direct current (DC)
➢ Direct current is the unidirectional current that may have a varying magnitude but is usually
constant over a period of time.
Alternating current (AC)
➢An alternating current is one whose magnitude changes continuously with time and direction
changes periodically. 9
2. Voltage/ Potential Difference
➢The electrical pressure which is used to move the electrons to create the current
flow in a conductor, is called voltage. It is denoted by the letter 'V'.
➢The unit of voltage is 'Volt' and is measured by voltmeter.
One Volt
One volt means the force to move one coulomb of electrons in one second.
3. Electro Motive Force (EMF)
➢In a circuit, a force which is used to conduct the electrons from one point to
another point is called Electro Motive Force.
➢The unit of EMF is volt.
➢Electro Motive Force = Potential difference +Voltage drop
➢i.e, (EMF =PD + Voltage drop)
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 Differences between E.m.f. and Potential difference
SL
Electromotive Force (E.m.f.) Potential difference
No

1 E.m.f. exists after circuit is broken. Does not exist after circuit is broken.

E.m.f. does not depend on resistance of Potential difference depends on

2
circuits. resistance the between points

It is greater than terminal voltage of the It is always less than e.m.f. of the
3
cell in closed circuit. cell used.

It causes the flow of current in a circuit It is caused by the flow of current in

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connected to the given cell. a circuit.
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 4. Resistance

➢The property of conductor which opposes the flow of current through it is called resistance. It is
denoted by the letter 'R'.
➢The unit of resistance is ohms (Ω) and is measured by Ohm meter.
Ohm
➢When a conductor having 1V potential between the two end points, one ampere current will
flowing through the conductor and the resistance value of the conductor is 1 Ohm (Ω).

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 Laws of Resistance
The resistance R offered by a conductor depends on the following factors :
(i) It varies directly as its length, L.
(ii) It varies inversely as the cross-section A of the conductor.
(iii) It depends on the nature of the material.
(iv) It also depends on the temperature of the conductor.

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 Resistance Calculation

Specific resistance x length

• Resistance =
Area of the cross section
ρ𝐿
• R=
𝐴
• R - resistance - ohms
• ρ - Specific resistance - Ohm meter
• L - Length of the conductor- meter
• A - Area of the cross-section of a conductor - Sq.m

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 Temperature co-efficient of Resistance

➢The temperature coefficient of a material may be defined as the increase in resistance per °C rise
is temperature

➢α (alpha) is constant and known as the temperature coefficient of resistance of conductor.

Rt = R0 (1 + αt)

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5. Conductance
➢Conductance is reciprocal of resistance whereas resistance of a conductor measure the
opposition which offers to the flow of current, hence the conductance measures the
inducement, which offers to flow of current. Its unit is Mho and denoted by the letter G.
➢Conductance G = l/R Ʊ. Anther unit of conductance is siemens (S)
Conductivity
• σ is called the conductivity or specific conductance of a conductor. It is the reciprocal of
resistivity.
Generally the materials are classified by its conductance as they are
1. Conductor
2. Insulator
3. Semi conductor

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17
6. Electrical Power
➢The rate at which electrical work is done in an electric circuit is called an electrical power.
➢Power is defined as the product of voltage and current.
➢Unit of power is watts ie, J/sec and denoted by the letter "P.“
➢It is measured by using Wattmeter.

➢P = V* I watts

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Electrical Energy
➢An Electrical Energy is the total amount of Electrical work done in an Electric circuit.
➢The unit of Electrical Energy is Joules or watt-sec.

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Electric Field
➢ Region around an electric charge where the effect of the charge is experienced.
Electric Circuit
➢ Closed connection which is formed by various electric elements.

Active Elements
➢ Elements which provide or supplies energy to the circuit.
Eg : Voltage Source , Current Source ,Generator
Passive Elements
➢ Elements which absorb or store energy in the circuit.
Eg : Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors
Q. 1 Cm² cross section, 50 m long copper conductor has specific resistance 1.72 x
10−8 ohm-cm. Find the resistance.
Solution:
Copper conductor length L = 50m
i.e. L = 50*100cm
Cross Section (A) =1cm²
Specific resistance = 1.72 x 10−8 Ω-cm
ρ𝐿 1.72 x 10−8 ∗50 ∗100
Resistance, R= =
𝐴 1
= 0.000086Ω
= 8.6*10−5 Ω

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Q. Find the resistance of a copper conductor at 25°c where the conductor resistance at 0°c is
150Ω and temperature coefficient is 0.0040 per °C.

Solution:
Temperature coefficient copper = 0.0040 per °C
At 0°c, resistance = 150 Ω
Therefore Rt = R0 (1 + αt)
=150 (1 + 0.004 x 25)
=150 (1 + 0.1)
=150(1.1)
= 165 Ω
Resistance at 25°c in 165 Ω

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Q.A coil consists of 2000 turns of copper wire having a cross-sectional area of 0.8
mm². The mean length per turn is 80 cm and the resistivity of copper is 0.02 μΩ-m. Find the
resistance of the coil and power absorbed by the coil when connected across 110 V D.C.
supply.

Solution.
Length of the coil, L =0.8 x 2000 =1600 m
A = 0.8 mm² = 0.8 x 10−6 m²

ρ𝐿 0.02X 10−6x 1600

R = = = 40 Ω
𝐴 0.8 x 10−6

Power absorbed = V²/ R =110²/40 = 302.5 W

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Q. Calculate the resistance of 915 metres length of a wire having a uniform cross-sectional area
of 0.77 cm² if the wire is made of copper having a resistivity of 1.7 × 10−6 Ω cm.

Solution:
L= 915m = 915*100 cm
ρ𝐿 1.7 × 10−6 ∗915∗ 100
R = =
𝐴 0.77
R = 0.202 Ω

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Q.A resistor of 50 Ω has a p.d. of 100 volts d.c. across it for 1 hour. Calculate
(i) power and
(ii) energy.
Solution:
R=50 Ω
V=100V
t =1 hour
𝑉² 100∗100
(i) P = = = 200 W
𝑅 50
Power = 200 watts
(ii) E = VIt
= Pt
Energy = 200*1 = 200 watthour 1kWh=3.6∗ 106 J
= 0.2 kWh
=7.2 × 105 J

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 Ohm's Law
➢The relationship between voltage (V), the current (I) and resistance (R) in a D.C. circuit was
first discovered by German scientist George Simon Ohm.
➢This relationship is called Ohm’s law and may be stated as under :
➢The ratio of potential difference (V) between any two points on a conductor to the current (I)
flowing between them, is constant, provided the temperature of the conductor does not
change.
➢In other words,
V V
= constant or = R
I I
➢where R is the resistance of the conductor between the two points considered.

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 Limitations of Ohm’s Law
1. Ohm’s law is not applicable to non-linear elements like diode, transistor etc.
2. Ohm’s law is not applicable for non-metallic conductors like silicon carbide.

NB: Those elements whose V - I curves are not straight lines are called nonlinear elements.

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 Non-ohmic Conductors
Those conductors which do not obey Ohm’s law (I ∝ V) are called non-ohmic conductors.
e.g., vacuum tubes, transistors, electrolytes, etc.

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Q. The supply voltage of the circuit is 240 V and the resistance value is 12 ohms. Calculate the
current flowing through this circuit.

Solution:
Voltage (V) = 240 volts
Resistance (R) = 12 ohms
Current (I) = ?
According to ohm's law,
I= V/R = 240/12 = 20 A.

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Q. A battery has an e.m.f. of 12.8 V and supplies a current of 3.2 A. What is the resistance of the
circuit? How many coulombs leave the battery in 5 minutes ?
Solution:
V = 12.8 V
I = 3.2 A
t = 5 min
V 12.8
R= = =4Ω
I 3.2
R=4Ω
t = 5*60 = 300sec
Q = It = 3.2*300 = 960 C
Q = 960 C

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Q. Area of cross section of the Aluminium conductor is 0.009 sq.cm .Specific resistance is
2.69 x 10−8 ohm-meter. Potential difference between the end points of Aluminium conductor (PD)
is 20V. If 2A current is flowing through this, what is the length of the conductor?
Solution:
Area of the cross-section (A) = 0.009 cm²
= 0.009 x 10−4 m²
Specific Resistance (ρ) = 2.69 x 10−8 ohm-meter
Potential difference (V) = 20V
Current (I) = 2A
Resistance (R) = V/I = 20/2 = 10 Ω
ρL
R=
A
RA 10 ∗0.009 x 10−4
Therefore L = =
ρ 2.69 x 10−8
= 334.5m
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