UNIT 4: ELECTRICITY AND

MAGNETIC
Prepared By
PEGAWAI LATIHAN VOKASIONAL
MARA-JAPAN INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE
1
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

 After completing the unit, students should be able to:

Explain the concept of electric and magnetic fields and draw the simple electric and
magnetic field lines.
State Coulomb and Ohm’s Laws and do the calculations related to these laws.
Explain and relate charges, electric potential, potential difference, electrical current.
Use Ohm’s Law to calculate currents, voltages and resistances in series and parallel
circuit.
Explain the phenomena of forces experienced by charge in a magnetic field and
calculate the force produced.
Use the Right Hand Rule to explain the directions of the magnetic field, magnetic
force and motion of charge.

2
 ELECTRIC FIELD
Learning Outcome:

 Explain the concept of electric and magnetic fields and

draw the simple electric.
 State Coulomb and Ohm’s Laws and do the calculations
3
related to these laws.
 ELECTRIC FIELD

What is Electric Field

 Electric field is defined as the electric force per unit charge.

 The direction of the field is taken to be the direction of the force
it would exert on a positive test charge.

4
 ELECTRIC FIELD

The Concept of Electric Field

 There are two kinds of electrical charge: the positive (+) and
negative (-) charges.
 If an object has equal amounts of the positive and negative
charges, the object is said to be ‘electrically neutral’.
 If the object has more positive charges, it is said to be ‘positively
charged’.
 If it has more negative charges, it is said to be ‘negatively charged’.

5
 ELECTRIC FIELD

The Concept of Electric Field

 The SI unit of electrical charge is Coulomb (C).

 Charges of the same electrical sign repel each other. Charges
with the opposite electrical signs attract each other.

6
 ELECTRIC FIELD

Coulomb’s Law
 The interaction between charged objects is a non-contact force
that acts over some distance of separation.

q1 q2
F k 2
r
1
k  8.99 109 Nm 2 / C
4 0

7
 ELECTRIC FIELD

Coulomb’s Law – Example 1

61.7cm  Two balloons are charged with an

identical quantity and type of
charge: -6.25 nC. They are held
F Fapart at a separation distance of
61.7 cm. Determine the
magnitude of the electrical force
of repulsion between them.
Answer: 9.24 X10 -7 N
Or 0.0924 X10 -9 N

9
 ELECTRIC FIELD

Coulomb’s Law – Example 2

 Figure 4.2 shows two positively

charged particles fixed in place on an
x axis. The charges are q1=1.60 ×
10-19 C and q2=3.20×10-19 C, and the
particle separation is R=0.02m. What
are the magnitude and direction of
the electrostatic force on particle 1
from particle 2?
 ELECTRIC FIELD

Coulomb’s Law – Solution 2

F
 Test Your Knowledge

Three point of charges; +5.0 μC, +3.0 μC and -7.0

μC are placed 20 cm and 15 cm apart on a straight
line in air as shown in figure below. What is the
magnitude and direction of the net electrostatic
force acting on charge, q2?

q1 q2 q3

20 cm 15 cm
 Test Your Knowledge

q1 = +5.0 μC q1 q2 q3
q2 = +3.0 μC
q3 = -7.0 μC
20 cm 15 cm
F2 = ?

𝐹 12=
𝑘 𝑞1 𝑞 2
(¿ 8.99×109 ) ∨5.0×10 −6 ∨¿3.0×10−6 ∨ ¿ 2 ¿ ¿ 3.371 𝑁
(0.2)
2
𝑟

𝐹 23 =
𝑘𝑞 2 𝑞 3
(¿ 8.99×109 ) ∨3.0×10−6 ∨¿7.0×10−6 ∨ ¿ 2 ¿¿ 8.391 𝑁
(0.15)
2
𝑟
 Test Your Knowledge

q1 = +5.0 μC q1 q2 q3
q2 = +3.0 μC
q3 = -7.0 μC
20 cm 15 cm
F2 = ?

𝐹 12=
𝑘 𝑞1 𝑞 2
(¿ 8.99×109 ) ∨5.0×10 −6 ∨¿3.0×10−6 ∨ ¿ 2 ¿ ¿ 3.371 𝑁
(0.2)
2
𝑟

𝐹 23 =
𝑘𝑞 2 𝑞 3
(¿ 8.99×109 ) ∨3.0×10−6 ∨¿7.0×10−6 ∨ ¿ 2 ¿¿ 8.391 𝑁
(0.15)
2
𝑟
𝐹 2=𝐹 12+𝐹 23=3.371 N +8.391 N =𝟏𝟏 . 𝟕𝟔𝟐𝐍
𝒒 𝟐 𝐌𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐑𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
 ELECTRIC FIELD

E-FIELD LINES DRAWING RULES:

 ELECTRIC FIELD

E-FIELD LINES DRAWING RULES:

Density of lines in patterns

The density of electric field lines around these three objects reveal
that the quantity of charge on C is greater than that on B which is
greater than that on A
 ELECTRIC FIELD

E-FIELD LINES DRAWING RULES:

 E-field lines should never cross.

 For two point charges, the E-field pattern is the resultant of the
patterns for the individual charges within the configuration.
 ELECTRIC FIELD

E-FIELD LINES DRAWING RULES:

 E-field lines should never cross.

 For two point charges, the E-field pattern is the resultant of the
patterns for the individual charges within the configuration.
 ELECTRIC FIELD

EXERCISE 1

 Figure 4.7 shows two particles

of charge having an equal
amount of charge. Observe
the electric field lines below
and rank the objects
according to which has the
greatest magnitude of electric
charge, beginning with the
smallest charge.

Figure 4.7
 Test Your Knowledge
Identi fy Which is positi ve or negati ve charge?
 Test Your Knowledge
Identi fy Which is positi ve or negati ve charge?
 Test Your Knowledge
Identi fy Which is positi ve or negati ve charge?
 Test Your Knowledge
Identi fy Which is positi ve or negati ve charge?
 ELECTRIC CURRENT AND ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT
Learning Outcome:

Explain and relate charges, electric potential, potential

difference, electrical current.
Use Ohm’s Law to calculate currents, voltages and
resistances in series and parallel circuit. 24
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

E-FIELD LINES DRAWING RULES:

 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

E-FIELD LINES DRAWING RULES:

 The ‘electric potential difference’ ( ∆v ) between any two points in the

E-field is equal to the amount of work done by the electrostatic force
to move a unit charge from one point to the other.

 Electricpotentialdifference,
V  V po int1  V po int 2
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

EXAMPLE :

The following diagrams show an electric field (represented by arrows) and

two points - labeled A and B - located within the electric field. A positive
test charge is shown at point A. For each diagram, indicate whether work
must be done upon the charge to move it from point A to point B. Finally,
indicate the point (A or B) with the greatest electric potential energy and
the greatest electric potential.

a) b)
 ELECTRICAL CURRENT

ELECTRIC CURRENT
 ELECTRICAL CURRENT

ELECTRIC CURRENT

a. Convention : Terminal of a voltage source,

al current through the circuit and into the
direction I
negative terminal of the voltage +
source. R
b. Electron flow : Current is out of the negative -
e
directions terminal of a voltage source,
through the circuit and into the
positive terminal of the source.
 ELECTRICAL CURRENT

ELECTRIC CURRENT:
Example

A 2 mm long cross section of wire is isolated and 20 C of

charge are determined to pass through it in 40 s. Calculate
the amount of current flowing through the wire.

Solution:
 Test Your Knowledge

Household circuits can carry up to 12 A of current. How

many electrons would pass a point in a wire in 1 minute if
there were 12 A in the wire?
 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

 In the wires of electric circuits, an electron is the actual charge carrier.

 An electron's journey through a circuit can be described as a zigzag
path which results from countless collisions with the atoms of the
conducting wire and any electrical components (load) in the
conducting loop.
 The collisions of electrons with atoms of the wire and the components
discourage the flow of charge.
 Different types of atoms offer a different degree of hindrance to the flow
of the electrons which pass through it.
 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

 The collisions of electrons in an electric circuit with the

conducting elements of that circuit result in a loss of energy.
 This energy loss in the load and in the wires themselves.
 Therefore, electric potential of an electron decreased as it
travels through the external circuit.
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

 A small amount of electric potential is

lost in wire. Most of the electric
potential losses occur within the light
bulbs. The total amount of electric
potential loss in the external circuit is
equal to the gain in electric potential
which occurs within the battery
 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

 The cause of the voltage drop

described above is called the
L
‘resistance’.
 Resistance (R) is the hindrance to the R
flow of charge.
 The SI unit for R is the ohm,. .
A
 Test your knowledge

Determine the resistance of a 1-mile length of 12-gauge copper

wire. Given: 1 mile = 1609 meters and diameter = 0.2117 cm.
The resistivity of copper is 1.7 x 10-8Ω∙m .

L
R
A
Answer R=7.7709 Ohm
 UNIT4

Electricity and
Magnetism
Outline Chapter 4 Electricity and
Magnetism
4-1. ELECTRIC FIELD
Electric charge
Coulomb’s Law
Electric Field

4-2. ELECTRICAL CURRENT & CIRCUITS

Electrical Potential
Difference
Electric Current
Electrical Resistance
Ohm’s Law
Circuit Connection

4.3. MAGNETISM
Magnetic Force on moving Charge
Motion of charged particles in a B field
Electric field versus Magnetic field
After completing the unit, students
should be able to:

 Explain the concept of electric and magnetic

fields and draw the simple electric and
magnetic field lines.
 State Coulomb and Ohm’s Laws and do the
calculations related to these laws.
 Explain and relate charges, electric
potential, potential difference, electrical
current.
 Use Ohm’s Law to calculate currents,
voltages and resistances in series and
parallel circuit.
 What is electric charge??
Ben Franklin

Positive Negative
Charge charge
(+) Charge (-)

(C)

charges of the same sign

repel each other.

charges of the opposite sign

attract each other
 Charles Coulomb
Coulomb’s Law

The Electrostatic Force of attraction or

repulsion between 2 particle having charge,
q1 and q2 separated by a distance of r is:

q1 q 2 q1 q2
Fk 2
r
UNIT : C2/Nm2
r
k =1/(4πε)
k = 8.99 x 109 Nm2/C2 q1 q2

ε (permittivity) = 8.85x10-12 C2/Nm2

 EXERCISE

1. Determine the electrical force of attraction between two

balloons with separate charges of +3.5 x 10-8 C and -2.9 x 10-8 C
when separated a distance of 0.65 m. (k = 8.99 x 109 Nm2/C2).

2. A balloon with a charge of 4.0 µC is held a distance of 0.70 m

from a second balloon having the same charge. Calculate the
magnitude of the repulsive force.

q1 q 2
Fk 2
r
Electrical Field

An electric field (E-field) is a region where forces act

on objects that are charged

The E-field at a point due to the charged object is

defined as :

Ē = F/q0
 q
E k 2
r
Unit: N/C or V/m
Rules for drawing the E-field lines are:
 E-field lines always extend from a positively charged
object to a negatively charged object, from a
positively charged object to infinity, or from infinity
to a negatively charged object. (as shown in Figure
4.3).

E-field lines

Figure 4.3: E-Field lines for two source charges

 The field lines are closer together if the E-field is
stronger/larger and the field lines are further apart
if the E-field is weaker/smaller. This is shown in
Figure 4.4.
 E-field lines should never cross.
 For two point charges, the E-field pattern is the resultant of
the patterns for the individual charges within the
configuration. The E-field lines for two equal charges and
two opposite charges are given in Figure 4.5.

(a) A positively and a negatively (b) Two positively-charged objects

charged object
 The direction of E at any point is the direction of the
tangent to the field line, as shown in Figure 4.6.

Figure 4.6: Direction of E at any point in the field

4-2. ELECTRICAL CURRENT & CIRCUITS
Electrical Potential Difference
Electric Current
Electrical Resistance
Ohm’s Law
Circuit Connection
 4.2.1 Electrical Potential Difference

Alessandro Volta the amount of work required to move a positive charge

against the electric field.

PE per unit charge (Potential Energy) has a

unique value at any point in an E-field and is
called the ‘electrical potential’ (V) at that point.

V = PE/q Unit : J/C or V

Electrical potential Difference, ΔV between
any 2 point:

ΔV = Vpoint1 – Vpoint2
 4.2.2 Electrical Current
Current is the rate at which charge passes by a point on the circuit.
If a small cross section of a wire could be isolated and the quantity of charge (Q)
passing through this cross section in a certain amount of time (t).

I = Q/t A

Current flow
direction
I current in the external circuit is directed
I
away from the positive terminal and
I toward the negative terminal of the
battery

I
 Example
 A 2 mm long cross section of wire is isolated and 20
C of charge are determined to pass through it in 40
s. Calculate the amount of current flowing through
the wire.
I = Q/t = 20/40 = 0.5 A
 A 1 mm long cross section of wire is isolated and 2 C
of charge are determined to pass through it in 0.5 s.
I=? A
I = Q/t = 2/0.5 = 4 A
 Household circuits can carry up to 12 A of current.
How many electrons would pass a point in a wire in 1
minute if there were 12 A in the wire?
Q=It = 12(60) = 720 Coulomb
4.2.3 Electrical Resistance

A small amount of electric potential is lost in wire.

Most of the electric potential losses occur within the light bulbs.
The total amount of electric potential loss in the external circuit is equal to the
gain in electric potential which occurs within the battery

The cause of the voltage drop described above

is called the ‘resistance’.
L = length of the wire (in m)
R=(ρL)/A A = cross-sectional area of the wire (in
m2)
Unit : Ω  = resistivity of the material (in m)
 Example
Determine the resistance of a 1-mile length of 12-gauge
copper wire. Given: 1 mile = 1609 meters and diameter
= 0.2117 cm and  = 1.7 x 10-8Ω∙m.

Answer: 7.7709 Ω
 4.2.4 Ohm’s Law

V  IR
where,

V = electric potential difference between two points on a

circuit.
I = current between those two points
R = total resistance of all electrical devices present
between those two points
ectrical power (P) was defined as the rate at which
electrical energy is supplied to a circuit or consumed
by a load.
 Example

Calculate the resistance and the current of a 7.5 Watt night

light bulb plugged into a US household outlet (120 V).

P=R or P= IV or
I= P/V = 7.5/120= 0.0625 A/62.5 mA
P=R
R= = 7.5/ (0.0625 exp2)= 1920 Ohm/1.92 K Ohm
4.2.5 Circuit Connection.
•Series connection

Vbattery

+ -

Ibattery
R1 R2 R3

V1 V2 V3

Rtotal  R1  R2  R3  ...
Characteristics
 The current that flows through each of the
resistor in the series circuit is the same.

 where I1, I2 and I3 are the current values

at the individual resistor locations.
 Adding more resistance in a series circuit
increases the overall resistance in the circuit and
reduces the current flowing in the circuit.
When more than one resistor are connected in
series, the total resistance is given by adding all the
resistances together (Figure 4.18), i.e.
 The potential difference across each resistor
depends on the resistance value of the resistor,
and is therefore given by
 Example

 Consider the following two diagrams of series

circuits. For each diagram, use arrows to indicate
the direction of the conventional current. Then,
make comparisons of the voltage and the current
at the designated points for each diagram.
Parallel connection

Ibattery
I1 I2 I3
+ R2 R3
Vbattery R1 V1 V2 V3
-

1 1 1 1
    ...
Rtotal R1 R2 R3
Characteristics
 The voltage across any two same points is the same.
Therefore, from Figure 4.20, we can say that

 The total current in the circuit is the sum of all currents

in the branches.
Example

 Three resistors are connected in parallel. If

placed in a circuit with a 12-volt power supply.
Determine the equivalent resistance, the total
circuit current, and the voltage drop across and
current in each resistor.
 MAGNETISM
Learning Outcome:

Explain the phenomena of forces experienced by charge in a magnetic

field and calculate the force produced.
Use the Right Hand Rule to explain the directions of the magnetic field,
magnetic force and motion of charge.
68
 MAGNETISM

ELECTRICITY VS MAGNETISM

R I TY
I LA
SIM There are two types of magnetic
poles, conventionally called North and South.
 Like poles repel, opposite poles attract.

NCE
FE RE
DI F Unlike electric charges, magnetic
THE
poles always occur in North-South pairs;
there are no magnetic monopoles.
 MAGNETISM

MAGNETIC FIELD

 Magnetic field (B-field) consists of lines of force, or

flux lines, that radiate from the north pole (N) to the
south pole (S) and back to the north pole through
the magnetic material.
 MAGNETISM

The attraction and repulsive of magnetic poles:

Unlike poles attract Like poles repel

 MAGNETISM

B-field

 The direction of the B-field at a given location is the

direction in which the north pole of a compass points
when placed at that location
 Magnetic field line always form closed loops
 The strength of magnetic fields is
measured in units of Teslas (T).
 MAGNETISM

Magnetic Force on Moving Charge

F  q vB sin 

Ɵ is the angle between and

 Force, F is maximum when the velocity is perpendicular to the B-field

(i.e. when sin  = 1)
 F = 0N when the velocity is parallel to the field (i.e. when sin  = 0).
 MAGNETISM

Motion of Charged Particles in B-field

Right Hand Rules

 MAGNETISM

Motion of Charged Particles in B-field

When magnetic fields are perpendicular to the plane of the

page, "x's" are used to represent those flux lines which
point into the plane (-z) of the page and "·'s" are represent
those which point out of the plane (+z) of the page.
 Test your knowledge

 An electron moves at right angles to a magnetic

field of 0.12 T. What is its speed if the force exerted
on it is 8.9 x 10-15 N? (Electron charge 1.602 X 10 Exp -
19).
(Final answer v= 0.4630 X 106 m/s.)

 What is the acceleration of a proton moving with a

speed of 9.5 m/s at right angles to a magnetic field of
1.6 T? (Note: mass of a proton is 1.6726 x 10−27 kg).
(F=ma. A= 1.4558 X 109 m/s-2 )
Consider a B-field ( ) that points from left to right in
the plane (Figure 4.23). A particle of charge, +q,
moves through this region with a velocity, . The
angle between and has a magnitude denoted by the
angle .
4.3.1 Magnetic Force on Moving Charges

+q

Maximum B

force  F
v

F +q 

+q F
Zero force
The magnetic force on an individual moving charge is given by the
equation : -
F  q vB sin 
where ;

B = the magnetic field strength in tesla (T).

q = the magnitude of the charge in coulombs.
v = velocity in m/s
θ = the angle between
 Example 1:

A magnetic field of 44.0 T is directed into the screen. A

particle with a negative charge of
2.0 x 10-18 C is shot into the field from the right, making an
angle of 90o with the field lines. If the particle is moving at
5.4 x 107 m/s, what magnetic force does it experience?

where ;

B = the magnetic field strength in tesla (T).

F  q vB sin  q
v
=
=
the magnitude of the charge in coulombs.
velocity v in m/s
θ = the angle between
 Solution : -

It's relatively easy to determine the magnitude of the force, simply by

applying F = Bqv sin θ.

Givens are
B = 44.0 T
q = 2.0 x 10-18 C
v = 5.4 x 107 m/s
θ = 90o
F =

F = Bqv sin θ
= (44.0 T) x (2.0 x 10-18 C) x (5.4 x 107 m/s ) (Sin 90o)
= 4.752 x 10-9 N
4.3.2 Motion of Charged Particles in a
B-field.

When a charge is placed in a

magnetic field, that charge
experiences a magnetic
force; when two conditions
exist:

1) the charge is moving

relative to the magnetic field.

2) the charge‘s velocity

perpendicular to the direction
of the magnetic field.
Making illustrations of magnetic field and charge interactions.

This symbol denotes the

movement of charges, or a
vector force, directly out of the
page (+z)

This symbol denotes the

movement of charges, or a
vector force, directly into the
page (-z)
 Example 2: -
A particle with a charge of 14 C experiences a force of
2.2 x 10-4 N when it moves at right angles to a magnetic
field with a speed of 27 m/s. What force does this
particle experience when it moves at the speed of 6.3
m/s at an angle of 250 relative to the magnetic field?

F  q vB sin 
 Solution : -

4
F 2.2  10
F  q vB sin   B  
 
q v sin  14  10  27 sin 900
6
 0.582T

 
F  q vB sin   14  10 6 6.30.582 sin 250  2.17  10 5 N
 Example 3: -

An electron moving in the positive x

direction, at right angles to a magnetic field,
experiences a magnetic force in the positive
y direction. What is the direction of the
magnetic field?

Solution
Using RHR, B is into the paper.
4.3.3. Electric Field versus Magnetic
Field
 Test your knowledge

 Particle 1, with a charge q1 = 3.60 C and a speed v1 = 862

m/s, travels at right angles to a uniform magnetic field. The
magnetic force it experiences is 4.25x10-3 Newton. Particle 2,
with a charge q2 = 53 C and a speed v2 = 1300 m/s, travels at
an angle 0f 550 relative to the same magnetic field. Find:

a) The strength of the magnetic field.

b) The magnitude of magnetic force exerted on Particle 2.
88
 Strength of the magnetic field, B.

F 4.25  10 3
F  q vB sin   B  
q v sin  (3.6  10 6 )(862)(1)
Magnetic field strength, B = 1.37T

The magnitude of magnetic force exerted on

Particle 2

 
F  q vB sin   53  10 6 1300 1.37 sin 25 0

= 39.92 x 10-3N or 0.0398N

89
 Test your knowledge

 An electron moving with a speed of 9.1 x 105 m/s in the

positive x direction experiences a zero magnetic force.
When it moves in the positive y direction, it experiences a
force of 2.0 x 10-13 N that points in the negative z direction.
What is the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field?
Answer :B=1.94T
 A particle with a charge of 14 C experiences a force of
2.2 x 10-4 N when it moves at right angles to a magnetic
field with a speed of 27 m/s. What force does this
particle experience when it moves at the speed of 6.3
m/s at an angle of 250 relative to the magnetic field?
 SUMMARY

Force experienced by
   
unit test charge F  qE F  q v B sin 

 
 F  F
Field Strength E B 
q0 q v sin 

Directions of field
and force
 Test Your Knowledge

q1 = -7.0 μC q1 q2 q3
q2 = +3.0 μC
q3 = +5.0 μC
20 cm 15 cm
F2 = ?

𝐹 12=
𝑘 𝑞1 𝑞 2
(¿ 8.99× 109 ) ∨7.0× 10−6 ∨¿3.0× 10− 6∨ ¿ 2 ¿¿ 3.371 𝑁
(0.2)
2
𝑟

𝐹 23 =
𝑘𝑞 2 𝑞 3
(¿ 8.99×109 ) ∨3.0×10−6 ∨¿5.0×10−6 ∨ ¿ 2¿¿8.391 𝑁
(0.15)
2
𝑟
𝐹 2=𝐹 12+𝐹 23=3.371 N +8.391 N =𝟏𝟏 . 𝟕𝟔𝟐𝐍
𝒒 𝟐 𝐌𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐋𝐞𝐟𝐭