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Back 2 Basics
 MODULE 2
SESSION – 1 Special Multiplication Method

i) Base Method

ii) Sub base Method

 Multiplication

Multiplication in considered as one of the most difficult

of the four mathematical operations.

Students are scared of multiplication as well as tables.

Just by knowing tables up to 5 students can multiply

bigger numbers easily by some special multiplication
methods of Vedic Mathematics.
i) Base Method
Same Base Method :

When both the numbers are more than the same base. This
method is extension of the above method i.e.
we are going to use same sutra here and applying it to larger
numbers.

Example 1: 12 × 14

Step 1: Here base is 10

12 + 2 [12 is 2 more than 10 also called surplus]
14 + 4 [14 is 4 more than 10also called surplus]
Step 2:
Cross add: 12 + 4 =16 or 14 + 2 = 16,(both same)
which gives first part of answer = 16

Step 3:
Vertical multiplication: 2 × 4 = 8
So, 12 + 2
14 +4
16 / 8So, 12 × 14 = 168
(14 + 2 = 12 + 4)
Example 2 :

2:105x 107

Step1:

Here base is 100

105 + 05 [105 is 5 more than 100 or 5 is surplus]
107 + 07 [107 is 7 more than 100 or 7 is surplus]
Base here is 100 so we will write 05 in place of 5and 07
in place of 7
Step 2:

Cross add: 105 + 7 = 112 or 107 + 5 = 112 which gives

first part of the answer = 112

Step 3:

Vertical multiplication: 05 × 07 = 35 (two digits are

allowed)
As the base in this problem is 100 so two digits are
allowed in the second part.
So, 105 × 107 = 11235
Example 3:

112 x 115

Step 1:
Here base is 100
112 + 12 [2 more than 100 i.e. 12 is surplus]
115 + 15 [15 more than 100 i.e. 15 is surplus]

Step 2:
Cross add: 112 + 15 = 127 = 115 + 12 to get first part of
answer
i.e.127
Step 3:

Vertical multiplication 12 × 15 = ? Oh, my god!It’s such a big

number. How to get product of this? Again use the same
method to get the product.
12 + 2
15 + 5
12 + 5 = 15 + 2 = 17/ (1) 0, 17 + 1 / 0 = 180 i.e. 12 × 15 = 180
But only two digits are allowed here, so 1 is added to 127 and we
get (127 + 1) = 128
So, 112 × 115 = 128, 80
ii) Sub base Method
Till now we have all the numbers which are either less than
or more than base numbers.
(i.e.10, 100, 1000,10000 etc. , now we will consider the
numbers which are nearer to the multiple of 10, 100, 10000
etc.
(i.e.10, 100, 1000, 10000 etc. , now we will consider the
numbers which are nearer to the multiple of 10, 100, 10000
etc. i.e. 50, 600, 7000 etc. these are called sub-base.

Example: 213 × 202.

Example1 :

213 × 202
Step1:

Here the sub base is 200 obtained by multiplying base 100 by 2

Step 2:

R. H. S. and L.H.S. of answer is obtained using base- method.

213 + 13
202 + 02

215 13 × 02 = 26
Step 3:

Multiply L.H.S. of answer by 2 to get 215 × 2

= 430
∴ 213 × 202 = 43026
Example 2:

497 × 493
Step1: The Sub-base here is 500 obtained by
multiplying base 100 by 5.

Step2: The right hand and left hand sides of the

answer are obtained by using base method.
Step3:

Multiplying the left hand side of the answer by 5.

497 –03
493 –07
Same 497–07 = 490. 21

493 – 03 = 490
490 × 5
= 2450

∴ 497 × 493 = 245021

Example 3:

206 × 197
Sub-base here is 200 so, multiply L.H.S. by 2
206 + 06
197 – 03
206 – 3 = 203 –18
197 + 06 = 203 × 2. = 18
= 406

∴ 206 × 197 = 40618 = 40582

Doubling and Making halves Sometimes while doing
calculations we observe that we can calculate easily by
multiplying the number by 2 than the larger number (which
is again a multiple of 2).

This procedure in called doubling:

35 × 4 = 35 × 2 + 2 × 35 = 70 + 70 = 140
26 × 8 = 26 × 2 + 26 × 2 + 26 × 2 + 26 × 2 = 52 + 52 + 52 + 52
= 52 × 2 + 52 × 2 = 104 × 2 = 208
53 × 4 = 53 × 2 + 53 × 2 = 106 × 2 = 212

Sometimes situation is reverse and we observe that it is

easier to find half of the number than calculating
5 times or multiples of 5. This process is called Making
halves.
Making halves:

(1) 87 × 5 = 87 × 5 × 2/2 = 870/2 = 435

(2) 27 × 50 = 27 × 50 × 2/2 = 2700/2 = 1350

(3) 82 × 25 = 82 × 25 × 4/4 = 8200/4 = 2050

SESSION -2

i) Vinculum

ii) Multiplication Of Complementary Numbers

i) VINCULUM
In Vedic Mathematics there exists a way to write
higher numbers (6, 7, 8, 9) in terms of lower
numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4).

Why is this important?

It’s important because it makes “difficult” looking

multiplication problems fairly simple. This is
because it is much easier to work with the lower
numbers, especially in multiplication.
 FOR EXAMPLE

Example 1 : 26

Here we wish to convert the number ’26’ into a number that only
consists of a mixture of (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).

1) For this first step we will be using the “All from 9 the Last from
10” sutra. The first thing we do is identify the last digit that
happens to be a higher number (6, 7, 8, 9). In this case that number
is ‘6’, the last digit.
2) We see that ‘6’ is 4 less than 10 (we use ’10’ because of the
sutra…”All from 9 the Last from 10”), so we write this as 4.

(Side Note: In books on Vedic math, the line will be on top of

the numbers, but since I’m typing this on a computer for
simplicity’s sake its easier to write it below.)
3) Now we use the “By one more than the previous one.” The
previous one is ‘2’ in this case, and by one more means ‘3’.
Our number is now…
26 = 34

You can think of 34 as (30 – 4) which gives you 26.

 Example 2: 183
1. To smell a rat
2. From soup to nuts
183 = 223
3. A bookworm
4. As easy as pie
1) Since 8 is the last “higher number”, we take it from 10….10-8 =
2. We write it as 2.
5. To be all ears
6. To read between the lines
7. The2)
potWe then
calling addblack
the kettle one to the previous one…1 + 1 = 2.
8. On pins and needles
3)you
9. Mind The ‘3’ Qs
Ps and is
unaffected so it stays the same.
This potato
10. A couch should be thought of as 203 – 20.
11. Cut it out!
Example 3: 169

169 = 231

1) The last in this example is the ‘9’, so we take it from

10….10 – 9 = 1. We write it as 1.
2) In this example we have a second digit that is a “higher
number”…’6′. For this we use the first part of the Nikhilam
sutra…”All from 9.” So we take ‘6’ from 9….9 – 6 = 3. We
write this down as 3.

3) We add one to the previous one (‘1’)…1 + 1 = 2.

This should be thought of as either “200 – 30 – 1” or “200
– 31.”
Multiplication Of Complementary
Numbers
Complementary Pairs are numbers whos units
digits (or ones digits) are Complementary
Numbers but all of the other digits are the same.

Examples of complementary pairs are 14 and 16,

92 and 98, 113 and 117, 2009 and 2001.
This special type of multiplication is for multiplying
numbers whose first digits(figure) are same and
whose last digits(figures)add up to 10,100 etc.

Example 1: 45 × 45

Step I:
5 × 5 = 25 which form R.H.S. part of answer
Step II:

4 × (next consecutive number)

i.e. 4 ×5 = 20, which form L.H.S. part of
answer

∴ 45 × 45 = 2025
Example 2:

95 × 95 = 9 × 10 = 90/25 → (52)
i.e. 95 × 95 = 9025

Example 3:

42 × 48 = 4 × 5 = 20/16 → (8 × 2)
∴ 42 × 48 = 2016
Example 4:

304 × 306 = 30 × 31 = 930/24 → (4 × 6)

∴ 304 × 306 = 93024

Example 5 :

42*48 = 2016
Step 1 :
The numbers are partially complementary if the sum of their unit
place digits is 10 and the tens place digits are same i.e. 42*48

Step 2 :
First 2 digits will be 4*5 = 20 (i.e. multiply the first digit with
immediate higher number )
Step 3 :

Last 2 digits of the result can be obtained by

multiplying their unit place digits i.e..2*8 = 16

Step 4 :

2016 (It’s the final answer)

Try These:

(1) 63 × 64

(2) 52 × 57

(3) 237 × 233

(4) 65 × 65

(5) 124 × 128

SESSION 3

i) Multiplication by numbers Consisting of

all 9’s

ii) Multiplication by 11
Multiplication by numbers Consisting of
all 9’s
Multiplication by numbers consisting of all 9’s :

Sutras:

‘By one less than the previous one’ and ‘All from 9
and the last from 10’
When number of 9’s in the multiplier is same as the
number of digits in the multiplicand.
If the number of digits of the multiplier (the number
composed of 9) is more than the number of digits of
multiplicand; then affix 9’s for every extra digit in the
multiplier i.e. as many extra digits as many 9’(s) and then
Subtract each digit of the multiplicand ‘all from 9 and the
last from 10’.
Example 1 :

765 × 999
Step I :
The number being multiplied by 9’s is first reduced by 1
i.e. 765 – 1 = 764 This is first part of the answer

Step II :
“All from 9 and the last from 10” is applied to 765 to
get 235, which is the second part of the answer.
∴ 765 × 999 = 764235
When 9’s in the multiplier are more than multiplicand

Example II : 1863 × 99999

Step I :
Here 1863 has 4 digits and 99999 have 5-digits, we
suppose 1863 to be as 01863. Reduce this
by one to get 1862 which form the first part of answer.
Step II:

Apply ‘All from 9 and last from 10’ to 01863 gives

98137which form the last part of answer

∴ 1863 x 99999 = 186298137

Example iii) 145 × 99999 =?

1 less than 145 is 144. Since, the multiplier (99999)

has two more digits than the multiplicand (145), so
affix two 9’s after 144 to get 14499.
The last part of the answer will come from
subtracting each digit of multiplicand ‘all from 9 and
the last from 10’. So, (9-1) = 8, (9-4) = 5 and (10-5) = 5
i.e, 855

So the final answer is 14,499,855

More Examples,

1456 × 9999 = 14558544

1456 × 99999 =145598544

1456 × 999999 =1455998544

Multiplication by 11
It's time to learn how to multiply by 11.

Do you know what happens when a number is multiplied

by 11?

That's right!

When a number is multiplied by 11, it means that this

number is being added to itself 11 times.
Example 1: 23 × 11

Step 1 :
Write the digit on L.H.S. of the number first. Here
the number is 23 so, 2 is written first.

Step 2 :
Add the two digits of the given number and write it
in between. Here 2 + 3 = 5
Step 3 :

Now write the second digit on extreme right. Here

the digit is 3. So, 23 × 11 = 253

OR

23 × 11 = 2 / 2+3 / 3 = 253
(Here base is 10 so only 2 digits can be added at a
time)
Example 2: 243 × 11

Step 1:

Mark the first, second and last digit of given number

First digit = 2, second digit = 4, last digit = 3
Now first and last digits of the number 243 form the first
and last digits of the answer.
Step 2:
For second digit (from left) add first two digits of the
number i.e. 2 + 4 = 6

Step 3:
For third digit add second and last digits of the number i.e. 3
+4=7
So, 243 × 11 = 2673

OR

243 × 11 = 2 / 2 + 4 / 4 + 3 / 3 = 2673
Similarly we can multiply any bigger number by 11 easily
If we have to multiply the given number by 111

Example 1: 189 × 111

Step 1:

Mark the first, second and last digit of given number

First digit = 1, second digit = 8, last digit = 9
Now first and last digits of the number 189 may form the
first and last digits of the answer
Step 2:

For second digit (from left) add first two digits of the
number i.e. 1 + 8 = 9

Step 3:

For third digit add first, second and last digits of the
number to get 1 + 8 + 9 = 18 (multiplying
by 111, so three digits are added at a time)
Step 4:
For fourth digit from left add second and last digit to get, 8 + 9 = 17
As we cannot have two digits at one place so 1 is shifted and added to the
next digit so as to get 189 x 111 = 20979
OR

1st Digit.2nd Digit. 3rd Digit 4th Digit 5th Digit

1. 1+8 = 9. 1 + 8 + 9. 8 + 9. 9
. 9+1= = 18 =1 7
. 1 + 1 = 2. = 1 0 = 18 + 1 .
=19

∴ 189 × 111 = 20979

SESSION 4

i) Multiplication By Two Digit Number From Right to left

ii) Multiplication byThree and Four digit number from Right to

left.
i) Multiplication By Two Digit Number
From Right to left
Sutra:

Vertically and cross-wise.

Till now we have learned various methods of multiplication but
these are all special cases, wherenumbers should satisfy certain
conditions like near base, or sub base, complimentary to each
other etc.

Now we are going to learn about a general method of

multiplication, by which we can multiply any two numbers
in a line. Vertically and cross-wise sutra can be used for
multiplying any number.
Write the double-digit numbers on top of each other.
Place 1 of the double-digit numbers on top and the other
double-digit number directly below it.

While there's no right or wrong way to place the numbers,

if you have a double-digit that ends with a zero such as
40, place it on the bottom, and put any number with more
(nonzero) digits on top.

This will let you skip a calculation.[

1.For example,

if you‘re multiplying 22 by 43, you

can put either number on the top
or bottom.
2. Multiply the bottom one
Multiply the bottom one's number
by the top one's number.
3. For example, with 22 x 43,
you'll now need to multiply 3 by the
other 2 to get 6. The number
under your line should be 66.

Multiply the bottom one's number

by the number of the top ten.
4. So if you've got 66 as your
first result, put a 0 right under
the 6 in the ones place.

Place a zero under your

result.
5. For example,

4 x 2 = 8, so write an 8 next to
the 0.
Multiply the bottom tens number by
the top one's number.
1.For 4 x 2, write another 8 next to
the 80 you already have written down.

Multiply the bottom tens number by

the number of the top ten.
7. Add both of your results to get a final answer.

If your numbers don't have any more digits, you're

ready to add both rows of your results. The number
you get will be the answer.
Two digit – multiplication

Example:

Multiply 21 and 23

Step1:

Vertical (one at a time) 2 [1] 1 × 3 = 3. 3

2 [3]
Step2:

Cross –wise (two at a time)

2 1 ( 2x3 + 2x1 ) = 8
2. 3. 8 3
ii) Multiplication by Three and Four digit
number from Right to left.
Multiplying by 3-Digit Number3.

Find the product of 528 and 378.

Step I: Arrange the numbers .

vertically.
Step II: Multiply 528 by 8
528 × 8 = 4224
Step III:

Multiply 528 by 70
Hence, 528 × 378 = 199584
528 × 70 = 36960

Step IV:
Multiply 528 by 300
528 × 300 = 158400

Step V:
Add: 4224, 36960 and 158400
4224 + 36960 + 158400 = 199584
EXAMPLE 1. 36 × 137

i)

(a) 137 = 7 + 30 + 100

(b) 36 × 7 = 252

(c) 36 × 30= 1080

(d) 36 × 100 = 3600

EXAMPLE 2. 543 x 278

i)

(a) 278 = 8 + 70 + 200

(b) 543 × 8 = 4344

(c) 543 × 70 = 38010

(d) 543 × 200 = 108600

Product = 150954
EXAMPLE 3. 474 X 240

200 + 40

Multiply by 40

Multiply by 200
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