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Lesson8.Inductive and Deductive Reasoning PPT 1

The prayer requests forgiveness for sins, asks God for mercy and guidance, and thanks God for the time to gather for class and learn with His wisdom and Holy Spirit as their guide. It humbly asks God to send His Holy Spirit to guide them and give them wisdom to understand what they will discuss in class today. The prayer concludes by asking God to hear it through Jesus Christ.

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1K views29 pages

Lesson8.Inductive and Deductive Reasoning PPT 1

The prayer requests forgiveness for sins, asks God for mercy and guidance, and thanks God for the time to gather for class and learn with His wisdom and Holy Spirit as their guide. It humbly asks God to send His Holy Spirit to guide them and give them wisdom to understand what they will discuss in class today. The prayer concludes by asking God to hear it through Jesus Christ.

Uploaded by

leekoodelim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Almighty and loving Father, we praise You and adore You

for You are our God and King.

We humbly ask for Your forgiveness for our sins, have


mercy on us oh Lord.

We are gathered here today for our class. May you send
us Your Holy Spirit and be our guide and give us wisdom
to understand the things that we are going to talk about
today.

We thank You Father for this precious time that You have
given to us.
All this we pray through our Lord Jesus Christ,
Amen.
• Logic – The science of correct reasoning.
• Reasoning – The drawing of inferences or
conclusions from known or assumed facts.
When solving a problem, one must
understand the question, gather all
pertinent facts, analyze the problem i.e.
compare with previous problems (note
similarities and differences), perhaps use
pictures or formulas to solve the problem.
DEDUCTIVE vs. INDUCTIVE
REASONING
Deductive Reasoning
• To deduce means to reason from unknown
facts.
• In deductive you assume that the
hypothesis is true and then write a series
of statements that lead to a conclusion.
Deductive Research Approach
• Deductive reasoning
works from general to
specific.
• Sometimes this is
informally called a"top-
down" approach..
• Conclusion follows
logically from premises
(available facts)
Deductive Reasoning
• Deductive Reasoning – A type of logic in
which one goes from a general statement
to a specific instance.
• The classic example
All men are mortal. (major premise)
Socrates is a man. (minor premise)
Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion)
The above is an example of a syllogism.
Deductive Reasoning
• Syllogism: An argument composed of two
statements or premises (the major and minor
premises), followed by a conclusion.
• For any given set of premises, if the conclusion
is guaranteed, the arguments is said to be valid.
• If the conclusion is not guaranteed (at least one
instance in which the conclusion does not
follow), the argument is said to be invalid.
• BE CARFEUL, DO NOT CONFUSE TRUTH
WITH VALIDITY!
Deductive Reasoning
Examples:
1. All students eat pizza.
Claire is a student at ASU.
Therefore, Claire eats pizza.

2. All athletes work out in the gym.


Larry Santos is an athlete.
Therefore, Larry Santos works out in the gym.
Deductive Reasoning
3. All math teachers are over 7 feet tall.
Mr. D. is a math teacher.
Therefore, Mr. D is over 7 feet tall.
• The argument is valid, but is certainly not true.
• The above examples are of the form
If p, then q. (major premise)
x is p. (minor premise)
Therefore, x is q. (conclusion)
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning, involves going from a
series of specific cases to a general
statement. The conclusion in an inductive
argument is never guaranteed.
Inductive Research Approach
• Inductive reasoning
works the other way,
moving from specific
observations to broader
generalizations and
theories

• Informally, sometimes
we call this a “bottom up”
approach.

• Conclusion is likely
based on premises
• Involves a degree of
uncertainty
Inductive Reasoning
• Here’s the sequence again 6, 13, 20, 27,…
• Look at the difference of each term.
• 13 – 6 = 7, 20 – 13 = 7, 27 – 20 = 7
• Thus the next term is 34, because 34 – 27 = 7.
• However what if the sequence represents the
dates. Then the next number could be 3 (31 days
in a month).
• The next number could be 4 (30 day month)
• Or it could be 5 (29 day month – Feb. Leap year)
• Or even 6 (28 day month – Feb.)
Sample Deductive and Inductive Arguments

Example of Example of
Deduction Induction
• major premise: All • Boss to employee:
tortoises are “Biff has a tattoo of
an anchor on his arm.
vegetarians He probably served
• minor premise: in the Navy.”
Bessie is a
tortoise
• conclusion:
Therefore, Bessie
is a vegetarian
• A conjecture is a mathematical statement that
has not yet been rigorously proved.
Conjectures arise when one notices a pattern
that holds true for many cases. However, just
because a pattern holds true for many cases
does not mean that the pattern will hold true
for all cases. Conjectures must be proved for
the mathematical observation to be fully
accepted. When a conjecture is rigorously
proved, it becomes a theorem.
 conjecture refers to a statement that
is assumed to be correct, but has not
been scientifically proven.
QUIZ

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