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Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He observed that species on the Galapagos Islands had adapted to their specific environments over generations. Natural selection acts on heritable variation between individuals in a population, increasing the frequency of beneficial traits that improve survival and reproduction. Over many generations, this process leads to evolution on both micro and macro scales, with populations changing and new species emerging through descent with modification from common ancestors.

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18 views16 pages

Concept+1+Notes+ +Natural+Selection

Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He observed that species on the Galapagos Islands had adapted to their specific environments over generations. Natural selection acts on heritable variation between individuals in a population, increasing the frequency of beneficial traits that improve survival and reproduction. Over many generations, this process leads to evolution on both micro and macro scales, with populations changing and new species emerging through descent with modification from common ancestors.

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dashaunfeath11
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Evolution

• The process of biological change in populations over


time that makes descendants genetically different
from their ancestors.

Two Types
• Evolution can occur on a small scale affecting a
single population (microevolution).
• Evolution on a large scale affecting changes in
species across populations (macroevolution).
What was believed before?
• Creationism
• Catastrophism (Cuvier)
• Gradualism (Hutton)
• Struggle for Existence
(Malthus)
• Uniformitarianism (Lyell)
• Inheritance of Acquired
Traits (Lamarck)
• Intelligent Design
Charles Darwin
• English Naturalist
• Went on a voyage to the
Galapagos Islands.
• Saw that different species of
finches/tortoises/etc. lived
on different islands and had
specific characteristics for
that island.
• Developed his theory of
natural selection to serve as
the mechanism for how
evolution occurs.
Charles Darwin
• Natural Selection: organisms with the “best”
traits (adaptations) will live longer and reproduce
more than others, causing changes in the
population over time by acting on traits that are
heritable.
– Survival of the fittest
• Fitness = a measure of how well you can survive in your
environment
– Based on:
• Overproduction of offspring
• Variation
• Adaptation
• Descent with modification
The Principles
Overproduction of Offspring
• Lots of offspring and limited resources causes
competition for those resources.
The Principles
Variation
• Variation: differences in the physical traits of
organisms
• Sources of Variation:
– Random mutations =
*ultimate source*
– Genetic recombination
during meiosis (crossing
over)
– Migration (gene flow)
The Principles
Adaptation
• Adaptation: a feature that allows an
organism to better survive in its environment.
– Beneficial traits
(adaptations) will become
more common over time
because organisms should
live longer and thus be able
to reproduce more!!
– This changes the gene pool
= the combined alleles of all
individuals in a population.
The Principles
Descent with Modification
• A change in gene frequency
over time.
– Natural selection leads to
populations with new
phenotypes adapted to new
situations.
– Their traits come from their
ancestors.
• Beneficial traits should
become more common
over time.

Individuals do not evolve, populations do!


Mechanisms of Microevolution
Remember: Microevolution is evolution on a small
scale, affecting just ONE population.

1. Mutations
2. Natural Selection
3. Genetic Drift
4. Gene Flow
5. Non-random Mating (Sexual
Selection)
Mechanisms of Microevolution
Mutations
• Mutation = any change in a DNA sequence.
– Creates new genotypes and thus new
phenotypes.
• Changes the allele frequency in a population (how
common the allele is in the gene pool).
– Increases variation,
which is a driving
force of evolution.
– Can be harmful,
beneficial, or
neutral.
Mechanisms of Microevolution
Natural Selection
• Natural selection = organisms more fit for their
environments will survive and reproduce more
offspring.
– Beneficial traits (adaptations) will thus become more
common over time.
Mechanisms of Microevolution
Genetic Drift
• Genetic drift = random change in the frequency of
alleles in a population over time.
– Rare alleles in a pop. will decrease in frequency, while
others increase.
– Often results in a loss of genetic variation.
– Changes may be more apparent in smaller populations.
Ex. If by
chance only the
circled flowers
get to
reproduce, look
what could
happen to the
population over
time!
Mechanisms of Microevolution
Gene Flow
• Gene flow = movement of genes into/out of a
population.
– Occurs during migration.
– Results in an increase in genetic variation in the
population.
Mechanisms of Microevolution
Sexual Selection
Also known as non-random mating.
• The selection of traits that aren’t necessarily good
for survival fitness, but without them, you can’t pass
on your genes at all because you can’t reproduce.
Genetic Equilibrium
• Genetic equilibrium (Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium) = when there are NO changes in
the allele frequencies in a population over time.
• Evolution will NOT occur if:
1. Population is large.
If at least one of
2. Must be random mating. these conditions
3. No migration. is NOT met,
4. No mutations. then the
5. No natural selection. population is
EVOLVING!

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