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Chapter 2a

This document discusses electromagnetic waves and transmission lines. It covers topics like Coulomb's law, electric field intensity, Gauss' law, electric flux density, divergence theorem, electric potential, electric dipoles, and energy stored in electrostatic fields. The objectives are to understand charge distributions, electric fields, flux, potential, dipoles, and energy storage in electrostatic systems. Key concepts covered include point charges, line charges, surface charges, volume charges, and using Gauss' law to calculate electric fields and flux densities.

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Løvēly Chakri
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37 views37 pages

Chapter 2a

This document discusses electromagnetic waves and transmission lines. It covers topics like Coulomb's law, electric field intensity, Gauss' law, electric flux density, divergence theorem, electric potential, electric dipoles, and energy stored in electrostatic fields. The objectives are to understand charge distributions, electric fields, flux, potential, dipoles, and energy storage in electrostatic systems. Key concepts covered include point charges, line charges, surface charges, volume charges, and using Gauss' law to calculate electric fields and flux densities.

Uploaded by

Løvēly Chakri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Electromagnetic Waves

And Transmission Lines


By

Dr. Y. Mallikarjuna Reddy


B.E., M.Tech., Ph.D.
Principal & Professor
Dept. of ECE
Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology (VVIT).
Nambur, Guntur, A.P.
Electrostatics
Chapter 2
Learning Objectives
The main objectives of this chapter are to understand thoroughly:

• Coulomb’s law and its applications, electric field intensity

• Fields due to different charge distributions.

• Electric flux density, Gauss’ law and its applications

• Divergence of flux density, divergence theorem

• Work done, electric potential, equipotential surface

• Potential due to different charge distributions

• Electric dipole, field due to dipole, torque on an electric dipole

• Energy density, energy stored in electrostatic fields


Coulomb’s law

Coulomb’s law

Force between two point charges


Force due to N Number of Charges

Point charges at different positions


Electric Field Intensity
The force exerted on a unit charge in an electric field is called electric
field intensity (E) or electric field strength.

The electric field intensity at any point due to a point charge is


proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance from the charge to that point

Field of point charge Q


Electric field intensity due to N number of charges
Charge Distributions
The electric charge in a medium can be of any of the following forms.
1. Point charge 2. Line charge 3. Surface charge and 4. Volume charge
The total charge for different types of charge distributions is

Electric field intensity at point P for different types of charge distributions is

Line charge Surface charge Volume charge


Electric Field due to Line Charge
Infinite Line
Electric Field due to Line Charge

Finite Line
Electric Field Strength due to a Circular Ring of Charge
Electric Field Strength due to an Infinite Sheet of Charge
Electric Field Strength due to a Sheet of Circular Disc
Electric Flux and Flux Density

1. Electric flux is a scalar quantity.


2. Flux lines are always parallel to each other and are equally spaced
throughout the solid angle.
3. Flux lines do not depend on the medium in which the charges are placed.
4. Flux lines radiate in all directions from/into the charges.
Flux lines
Electric Flux Density
For Point Charge

For an infinite line

For an infinite sheet charge

Gauss’ Law (Integral Form)


Gauss’ law states that the net electric flux passing
through any closed surface is equal to the total
charge enclosed by that surface.
Note:
1. The surface over which Gauss’ law is applied is called the
Gaussian surface.
2. The Gaussian surface is always a closed surface. It may be
of any shape, but must have a constant electric field.
3. The surface is chosen such that at each point on the
Gaussian surface, the flux density D is either normal or
tangential to the surface.

4. When D is normal to the Gaussian surface, is a


constant. If D is tangential to the surface,

5. If there are more than one charge or charge distribution


enclosed by the Gaussian surface, the net charge is the
algebraic sum of all the charges.
Gauss’ Law in Point Form (Maxwell’s First Law)

Gauss’ law in point form states that the divergence of the electric flux
density (D) is equal to the volume charge density at any point in a given
medium.
The divergence of electric flux density can be expressed as
Divergence Theorem of Electric Flux Density The
divergence theorem states that the integral of the normal
component of electric flux density over a closed surface
is equal to the integral of the divergence of this flux
density throughout the volume enclosed by that closed
surface.

Applications of Gauss’ law


Gauss’ law is similar to Coulomb’s law. It can be applied to many
practical problems where the electric field of charge distributions
has symmetrical geometry, such as sphere, cylinder or plane. We
can easily obtain the net flux density, electric field and the charge
enclosed by the surfaces for such symmetrical charge
distributions.
Gauss’ law allows us to find electric fields without needing to
integrate. Coulomb’s law is more powerful and enables us to solve
problems for which Gauss’ law cannot be applied. However, while
solving problems, it requires complex integrations.
Electric Flux Density due to an Infinite Line Charge

Flux Density due to an Infinite Sheet Charge


Flux density for a coaxial cable

Flux Density for a Spherical Shell of Charge


Flux Density for a Uniformly Charged Sphere
Work Done in Moving a Point Charge in an
Electrostatic Field
Note:
1. Since the field is conservative, the work done in moving a charge from
one point A to another point B in the electric field is independent of the
path chosen. Also the line integral depends only on end points of the
path.

2. When the work done, W is positive, the charge is moving against the
direction of the electric Field E. This indicates that the applied force
has done the work.
When the work done, W is negative, the charge is moving along the
direction of the electric field E. This indicates that the field itself done
the work.

3. If the path is perpendicular to the direction of the electric field, i.e., the
angle between E and dl is 90, then the dot product is zero and the work
done W = 0.

4. If the path selected is a closed path, i:e; dl = 0 the net movement of


the charge is zero and hence the work done is zero.
Electric potential
Electric potential at a point P due to a fixed charge Q is
defined as the work done in moving one coulomb of charge
from infinity to the point P in an electric field against the
force created by the fixed charge. The work must be done
against the field. Electric potential is also defined as the work
done per unit charge.

Potential difference
Note:
1. The potential difference depends only on the terminal points. It is independent
of the path chosen.
2. The potential at infinity is zero.
3. The potential around a closed path is equal to zero, that is
4. One volt potential at a point is equal to one joule of work done in moving a unit
charge from infinity to that point in the electric field E.
Potential due to a Point Charge
The potential difference

The potential at radius r from the point charge at the origin in the electric
field is called absolute potential,
The potential at radius r from the point charge at the origin in the electric
field is called absolute potential,

C = 0 if reference point is at infinity.

The potential due to all the N number of point charges at point A


Potential due to Charge Distribution

Sheet of charge Volume charge


Line charge

Potential Difference due to an Infinite Line Charge


Potential due to a Line Charge of Finite Length

Potential due to a Circular Ring

Potential Gradient
In a given electric field, the maximum value of rate of change of potential
with respect to the distance is called potential gradient. It is a differential
change of potential.
Del operator

The gradient of potential in Cartesian coordinates is

The electric field intensity is equal to the gradient of the potential.

For a conservative field, the curl of the electric field must be zero
Potential Function

An electric potential at any point in the field which


depends on the coordinates (or position) is called
potential function.

Properties of potential function

1. It has a single value at any point in the electrostatic field.


2. It is a continuous function.
3. The difference in potential between any two points does
not depend on the path of integration.
4. An electrostatic field is conservative in nature, since
which is the work done in moving a point charge
around any closed path in the field, is zero.
Equipotential Surfaces
An equipotential surface is defined as a surface in an
electric field on which all points on the surface are at
the same potential.

The potential difference between any two points on


an equipotential surface is always zero.
Electric Dipole
An electric dipole is defined as a pair of point charges with equal magnitude and
opposite polarity separated by a small distance in a medium

The dipole moment is

The dipole moment for a given dipole is defined as the product of the
charge and the separation between charges.

The potential due to the dipole is

The potential in terms of dipole moment


is

Electric Field due to a Dipole is


Physical dipole A physical dipole is a pair of
equal and opposite charges (Q) separated by a
distance d.
Pure dipole A dipole is said to be a pure or an
ideal dipole if the distance between the two
charges tends to zero and the value of charge
tends to infinity,
Electric Field due to a Dipole is
Energy Stored in an Electrostatic Field

The energy density in an electrostatic field is

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