“Next Generation SDH”

For circulation to Trainees only

 Outline of Subject

• History of Digital Transport Network

• Evolution of Optical Transport Technologies
• Limitation of Legacy SDH Network
• Features of Next Generation SDH
• Key Technologies (GFP, VCAT and LCAS)
• Conclusion

For circulation to Trainees only

 History of Digital Transport Network

 70s - introduction of PCM into Telecom networks

 1980s-PDH Multiplexing begun to be installed

 1988- SDH (1st Gen.) standard introduced

 2000- Next Gen. SDH (2nd Gen.)

 2004- Switched SDH (3rd Gen.)- MSPP

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 Evolution of Optical Transport Technologies

RPR

Ethernet Packet ADMs

Switching
Cost-effective
LCAS Packet Support
GFP, Bandwidth-on-
VCAT demand
Optical Edge Standards-based,
Devices (OEDs) flexible Ethernet
Proprietary Ethernet support,
ADMs integrated VC cross-connects
Switched SDH
Resilient but rigid pipes, no
native data capability, only rings

Next-gen SDH

Legacy SDH

1995 to 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

For circulation to Trainees only

 Emerging transmission technologies

• Interfaces : PDH SDH OTN

• Transmission Rates: 2.5Gb/s 10Gb/s 40Gb/s

• Fibre : G652b G655 G652d

• SDH : NG-SDH MSPP MSSP MSTP

• Eqpt : STM-16 STM-64 STM-256

• Protection : SNCP MSPring ASON

For circulation to Trainees only

 Emerging transmission technologies

• WDM : Terminals OADM ROADM OXC OTN

• Access: MLLN ADSL FTTH

• TMN : LCT EMS NMS OSS NG-OSS

• Synchronization : Crystal Rubidium Cesium

Maser

• Fiber Count : 12 24 48 96 288F

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Plesiochronous Digital Multiplexing

PDH HIERARCHIES
EUROPE (Mbps) USA (Mbps) JAPAN (Mbps)

565 400
276
x4 x4
140 100
x6
x4 45 x3
34 32
x7 x5
x4
6 6
8
x4 x4 x4
2 1.5 1.5

For circulation to Trainees only

 Limitation of Legacy SDH
DWDM
STM-16
STM-16
STM-16
STM-16

STM-16
STM-16

STM-16
STM-16

STM-16
STM-16

T-2 Switch STM-16

STM-16

FE
STM-16
STM-16
 No native interface for data
Eth. Converter
(e.g. Ethernet)
STM-4
STM-4
 Limited number of line ports
STM-16
STM-16

STM-4
STM-4
STM-1
STM-1 allowing Ring & Linear
STM-16
STM-16
Topology only i.e. no mesh
topology
STM-4
STM-4
STM-4
STM-4
STM-1
STM-1  Difficulty in mapping of
STM-16
STM-16 STM-16
STM-16

STM-1
STM-1 newer protocol like ESCON,
STM-4
STM-4
FICON, FC etc.
STM-1
STM-1 No idea of N/W topology and
STM-16
STM-16

STM-16
STM-16

available resources
STM-1
STM-1
Eth. Converter
FE
STM-1
STM-1
 Bandwidth provisioning :
For circulation to Trainees only
DSLAM Manual process.
 Features of NGSDH (2nd and 3rd Gen.)
DWDM
STM-16
STM-16
STM-16
STM-16

STM-16
STM-16

STM-16
STM-16

STM-16
STM-16

T-2 Switch
• Native interface for
STM-16
STM-16

data (e.g. Ethernet)-

STM-16
STM-16

FE 10/100/1000 Mbps
STM-4
STM-4
ADM ports.
STM-16
STM-16

STM-4
STM-4
STM-1
STM-1  Multiple Line ports
STM-16
STM-16

allowing the
interconnection of
STM-4
STM-4
STM-4
STM-4
STM-1
STM-1 rings
STM-16
STM-16
i.e. mesh STM-16
STM-16

STM-1
STM-1 topology e.g.
STM-4
STM-4
 MADM-2 line
STM-1
STM-1 cards
STM-16
STM-16

 MSPP-4 line
STM-16
STM-16
STM-1
STM-1
FE
cards
For circulation to Trainees only  ADM Performs the
STM-1
STM-1

DSLAM
Features of NGSDH (2nd and 3rd Gen.)

• Supports new high speed protocols

– ESCON-Enterprise System connection ( 200 mbps)
– FICON-Fiber connection ( 800 mbps)
– Fiber Channel( 1 or 2 gbps)
• (These protocols will be used for SAN (Storage
Area networking)

• Automatic Provisioning
– Hitless increase/decrease of bandwidth

For circulation to Trainees only

 Features of NGSDH (2nd and 3rd Gen.)

• Layer-2 Switching Capability

Ethernet Line (E-Line) Service Type Point-to-point
service
 EPL (Ethernet Private Line),
 EVPL (Ethernet Virtual Private Line)

For circulation to Trainees only

 Features of NGSDH (2nd and 3rd Gen.)
• Layer-2 Switching Capability
• Ethernet LAN (E-LAN) Service Type
• Ethernet Private LAN
• Ethernet Virtual Private LAN
 Multipoint-to-multipoint service

For circulation to Trainees only

Next Generation SDH: Packet Friendly

SDH/SONET has also evolved to more efficiently adapt

statistical multiplexing traffic based on data packets
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 New Customer Applications

Virtual Private Network

LAN (VPN)
LAN
PC

Ethernet Server
Core Network
SONET/SDH

Fibre Channel
Edge Network

Storage Area Network Storage Server

(SAN)

For circulation to Trainees only

 Key Technologies for NGSDH

1. Generic Framing Procedure - GFP ITU-T

G.7041
Adaptation Mechanism

2. Virtual Concatenation – VCAT ITU-T G.707

Flexibility

3. Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme – LCAS

ITU-T G.7042
Bandwidth on demand

Old SDH + GFP + VCAT + LCAS = NGSDH

For circulation to Trainees only

 NGSDH Model

Customer Operator
Edge Adaptation Core

SONET MUX/DEMUX
Ethernet
GFP VC LCAS
?
Native Interfaces

Ficon
Generic Virtual Link SONET/
Frame Concatenation Capacity SDH
Escon Procedure Adjustment
Scheme
Fibre
Channel

That’s “ New SONET/SDH “

For circulation to Trainees only
Generic
Frame
Procedure

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 GFP Operation Modes

GFP-F (Framed Mapped):

 For packet oriented clients, e.g. Ethernet
00
 One Client Packet = packed in one GFP frame (1:1)
 Minimal overhead

GFP-T (Transparent Mapped):

 Client characters are directly mapped in GFP-T frames
e.g. Fibre Channel
 Fixed length GFP frames
 Minimal Latency

For circulation to Trainees only

 GFP Operation Modes
variable

GFP-F GFP Ethernet Frame GFP GFP Eth. FrameGFP GFP GFP Eth

Frame by Frame

1GigE LE Ethernet Frame IDLE Eth. Frame IDLE Eth

Block by Block

GFP-T GFP Transparent GFP Transparent GFP Transparent GFP

fixed
GFP GFP Header or IDLE frames GFP

For circulation to Trainees only

Virtual
Concatenation

VC-n -X v

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 Concatenation?
Contiguous Concatenation
Offers concatenated payloads in fixed, large steps
One towing truck (POH) for all containers
All containers are on one path thru the network

C4 C4 C4 C4

VC-4-4c
Virtual Concatenation
Contiguous Concatenation
Offers structuresC-4-4c
in a fine granularity
599.040 Mbit/s
Every containerC-4-16c
has its own towing2.396
truck Gbit/s
(POH)
Every containerC-4-64c
might take a different path
9.584 Gbit/s
C-4-256c 38.338 Gbit/s
VC-4 #4 VC-4 #3 VC-4 #2 VC-4 #1

VC-4-4v
For circulation to Trainees only
Transporting Concatenated Signals
Contiguous Concatenation
C-4 C-4

C-4 C-4
C-4 C-4 C-4 C-4

C-4 C-4 One Path C-4 C-4

NE NE

Core Network VC-4-4c

Virtual Concatenation
VC-4
Path 1 #1
Differential Delay
VC-4 VC-4 VC-4
#1 #1 #1
VC-4 VC-4
VC-4 #2
#2 #2

VC-4 VC-4-2v
Path 2 #2
For circulation to Trainees only
 VC Nomenclature

VC-n -X v
Virtual Container n Number of Indictor for
n=4, 3, 2, 12, 11 virtually Virtual
concatenated Concatenation
Defines the type of virtual
containers, which will be
containers v = virtual
virtually concatenated. All X Virtual Containers concatenation
form together the c = contiguous
“Virtual Concatenated concatenation
Group” (VCG)

Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG) of X VC-n containers!

For circulation to Trainees only
 High and Low Order VC

High Order Virtual Concatenation

• refers to virtually concatenated...

VC-4

VC-3 containers

Low Order Virtual Concatenation

• refers to virtually concatenated...

VC-2

VC-12

VC-11 containers

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 VC-4-Xv Granularity
Example High Order VC:
VC-4 VC-4 Container Size 150,3 Mbit/s
VC-4 Payload Size 149,76 Mbit/s

VCG Granularity
VCGs:
Minimum VC-4-1v Payload Size 149,76 Mbit/s
VC-4-2v Payload Size 299,52 Mbit/s

VC-4-7v Payload Size 1048,3 Mbit/s

Maximum VC-4-256v Payload Size 38338 Mbit/s

VCG Payload
For circulation to Trainees only Capacity
 VC-12-Xv Granularity
Example Low Order VC:
VC-12
VC-12 Container Size 2,240 Mbit/s
VC-12 Payload Size 2,176 Mbit/s

VCG Granularity
VCGs:
Minimum VC-12-1v Payload Size 2,176 Mbit/s
VC-12-2v Payload Size 4,352 Mbit/s

VC-12-5v Payload Size 10,88 Mbit/s

Maximum VC-12-64v Payload Size 139,26 Mbit/s

VCG Payload
For circulation to Trainees only Capacity
 VC Rate Efficiencies
Data Rates Efficiency w/o VC using VC

Ethernet (10M) VC3 20% VC-12-5v  92%

Fast Ethernet (100M) VC-4 67% VC-12-46v  100%
ESCON (200M) VC-4-4c 33% VC-3-4v  100%
Fibre Channel (800M) VC-4-16c 33% VC-4-6v  89%
Gigabit Ethernet (1G) VC-4-16c 42% VC-4-7v  85%

Example:
100M Ethernet VC-12-46v
STM-1
8x E1 Services = 64 x VC-12
VC-12-5v
2x 10M Ethernet VC-12-5v

More services integrated- by using VC!

For circulation to Trainees only
Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Scheme

For circulation to Trainees only

 Bandwidth on demand

Bandwidth “Call-by-Call”
Network Management

VC-12-3v
NG LCAS NG
+VC-12 ISP
Customer’s LAN
Transport Network

Customer
 rents a 6M Internet connection (VC-12-3v)
 calls to get additional 2M!
Operator
 will provision additional VC-12 path
 ..and will hitless add it to existing connection via LCAS!
For circulation to Trainees only
 Bandwidth on demand

Bandwidth on Schedule

100M 100M 100M

Transport Network NG
NG 900M
900M 900M
Location A Location B

Offer a fixed bandwidth schedule:

24/7 - Virtual Local Area Network service at 100M Ethernet
Every night for one hour - additional 900M ESCON service for data backup

 New revenue opportunities at low traffic hours!

For circulation to Trainees only

 Bandwidth on demand

Automatic Bandwidth Allocation - pay as you grow!

3rd VC-12 Ethernet Traffic

2nd VC-12
1st VC-12 Variable
VCG capacity
t
1 2 3 4
Automatic Bandwidth Allocation:
Automatically, pre-provisioned VC capacity will be activated
No paid, but unused link capacity for the customer
Customized SLA possible!
 Optimal bandwidth for the customer for min. $$
 New revenues with pay per use & over-subscription!

For circulation to Trainees only

 Bandwidth Provisioning - today
Seattle

Chicago
Boston
Columbus New York

Kansas City Washington

Denver
San Francisco
San Jose

Los Angeles
Atlanta Location B
Dallas

Location A Houston Orlando

50Mbit/s Ethernet Private Line (VC-3-1v/ STS-1-1v)

The customer now requires 100Mbit/s

Operator manually sets up a 2nd path
 using the network management system
 100M = VC-3-2v / STS-1-2v

But: Traffic will be interrupted to bring 100M into service!!

For circulation to Trainees only

 LCAS - Add Bandwidth hitless
Seattle

e r ne t Link Chicago
M Eth NE Boston
100 Columbus New York
tocolCity
ProKansas Washington
San Francisco
Denver LCAS
San Jose
NE
Los Angeles
Atlanta Location B
Dallas

Location A Houston Orlando

Operator installs VC & LCAS edge equipment

Operator manually provisions add. 50M path

LCAS protocol runs between the two edge NE!

NE negotiate - when the additional path gets valid and into
service!
LCAS Succeeds  A connection with 100M is in service!
For circulation to Trainees only
 Conclusion
• Supports integrated access to a wide variety of backbone
technologies
• Offers seamless integration of access technologies:
Underlying technologies are transparent to applications
• Adds flexibility of packet networks to TDM technologies
• A single intelligent network that blends the best features
and capabilities of SDH and MPLS/IP networks
– Multiplexing efficiencies
– Sub 50 ms protection switching
– Different grades of Quality of Service
– Fault detection and isolation capabilities
– Performance monitoring capabilities
For circulation to Trainees only
For circulation to Trainees only