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Gerph 1

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ARBOLEDA, LADY CHRSTINE C.
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30 views10 pages

Gerph 1

Uploaded by

ARBOLEDA, LADY CHRSTINE C.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Throughout the ages, various cultures have

told stories about their past. Part


entertainment, part chronicle of the events,
part myth and popular memory, history might
offer knowledge about important traditions
and teach a moral lesson, but little more. It
was not until the nineteenth century that
scholars began to recognize the study of the
past as a discipline that could provide a
perspective for understanding the world in
which one lives.
PREHISTORY refers to events occurred prior to the invention of
system of writing. Examples are stories or legends common to a
particular culture but not supported by external sources.
ARCHAEOLOGY is a discipline that is especially
helpful in dealing with buried sites and objects,
which once unearthed, contribute to the study of
history. But archaeology rarely stands alone. It uses
narrative sources to complement its discoveries.
However, archaeology does not “fill the gaps”
within textual sources.
HISTORY (historia, Greek “inquiry, knowledge
acquired by investigation) is the discipline that
studies the chronological record of events (as
affecting a nation or people), based on a critical
examination of source materials and usually
presenting an explanation of their causes.
How much can we know of the past?

• In the centuries before the Enlightenment,


Western intellectuals conceived of the past as
being shaped primarily by God’s intervention.
The late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
witnessed a growing awareness of the
distinctiveness of the historical past and the
process of change over time. The period also
embraced a sense of progress characterized
by a rejection of the distant past. Since the
emergence of a modern historical
consciousness in the nineteenth century, the
question of how much can be known about the
past has haunted those interested in the
important lessons history can suggest.
Historical knowledge is limited in two ways: by
the available sources, and by the approach
3
taken by the individual historians.
HISTORIAN is a person who studies and writes about the
past. They are concerned with the continuous, methodical
narrative and research of past events as relating to the human
race.

Traditionally, historians have recorded events of the past,


either in writing or by passing on an oral tradition, and have
attempted to answer historical questions through the study of
written documents and oral accounts. For the beginning,
historians have also used such sources as monuments,
inscriptions and pictures. In general, the sources of historical
knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is
written, what is said, and what is physically preserved and
historians often consult all three.
HISTORICAL SOURCES are definite record, account or source of
information used to reconstruct the past.
2 TYPES:
⬗ PRIMARY (witness): forms of evidence contemporary to the event
Eg. Published written sources, manuscripts, diaries, official records,
private correspondence, newspapers,
Memoirs, autobiographies, tax records, census materials and wills, cultural
artifacts (cartoons, movies, fiction,
Architecture, art).

⬗ SECONDARY: chronicles or interpretation of


events written after the fact
Eg. Monographs, biographies, scholarly journal articles,
historical dictionaries, encyclopedias, websites, lectures
and reviews
5
HISTORIOGRAPHY refers to the
systematic writing of history, especially
based on the critical examination of
sources, the selection of particular details
from the authentic materials in those
sources, and the synthesis of those details
into narrative form.

6
HISTORICAL METHOD is the analysis of the sources and the synthesis
of the material.
Historical Criticism – the analysis of the sources
External Criticism(Lower)
i. When was the source written or unwritten produced
(DATE)?
ii. Where was it produced (LOCALIZATION)?
iii. By whom was it produced (AUTHORSHIP)?
iv. From what existing material was it produced (ANALYSIS)?
v. In what original form was it produced (INTEGRITY)?
vi. What is the evidential value of its content
(CREDIBILITY)?
Internal Criticism (Higher)

Synthesis – the shifting grouping, arrangement,


generalization and organization of the facts gathered in
order to form a body of connected and related knowledge
which must be presented in a logical form.
7
HISTORY FROM FILIPINO POINT OF
VIEW

⬗ The history of a nation is the story of


its rise, development, and outcome. It
explains the present and guides the
way to the future. As a subject, history
is not meant to be mechanically
memorized and later be forgotten, but
should be used to derive valuable
insights and perspectives on what we
are and what we want to be.
8
A more significant aspect of history is that it is not just a story. It carries with
an important meaning. Perhaps the best way to illustrate this is the discussion of the
Filipino word for history which is kasaysayan. Kasaysayan has a deeper meaning, its
root word saysay means “sense” or “meaning”. It also means importance or purpose.
The things that have no importance or meaning are valueless or walang saysay. With the
addition of the suffix “yan”, “saysayan” now means the act of conveying words of
importance or sense. This is actually told through a narrative or story (kasaysayan). With
the addition of the prefix “ka” , “saysayan” now has a new meaning. “Ka” has a very
important connotation. It implies connection of interaction or relationship, of being a
part of something, of being together, or doing something together. Hence, in kasaysayan,
people share important narratives with one another, sharing similar or opposite point of
views.

9
Here are some of the points of views of our prominent Filipino
historian:

“History offers the key to national identity and


the basis for future development. “ – Dr. Jose P.
Rizal
“Philippine History is a people’s history. It is a
recorded struggle of people for ever increasing
freedom and for newer and realization of the human
person.” – Renato Constantino
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