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Ecd 321 Topic 2 - NBCD Vs Abcd

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69 views14 pages

Ecd 321 Topic 2 - NBCD Vs Abcd

Uploaded by

Dennis Mwangi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ECD 321 Topic 2

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
APPROACHES

Needs-Based Community Development (NBCD) vs Asset-Based


Community Development (ABCD)
OUTLINE SOURCES:
1. Gary Paul Green and Ann Goetting (eds)
 Needs-Based Community Development (2010). Mobilizing communities : asset
(NBCD) building as a community development
strategy. Temple University, USA) Ch-7
 Critics of the NBCD 2. Kretzmann and Mcknight, 1993: Building
communities from the inside out: A path
toward finding and mobilizing community
 Asset-Based Community Development assets. HN 90 C6 K7
(ABCD) -Capacity focused approach
3. Phillips R. & Pittman H. R., 2009. An
introduction to Community Development.
 ABCD in practice Routledge. HN 49 C6 P47 (what leads to
CD pg 6)
 Strengths of ABCD
Videos
1. MADE IN MAKUENI - Makueni County launches several dev't projects
2. MAKUENI COUNTY SCORECARD
1. Need-Based Community Development(NBCD)

 The approach, also known as deficiency oriented perspective, approaches


community development basing on mainly the observable problems, needs and
deficiencies.
 Development practitioners focus on the negative portraits/images of neediness,
unemployment, poverty, school drop-outs etc. with the intention to bring solutions
to these problems.

 However, these images often convey part of the truth about the actual conditions
of a troubled community- they do no convey the truth of that community
 Once accepted as the whole truth about troubled communities, this `needs´ maps
determine how problems are to be addressed through deficiency-oriented policies
and programs.

 Scholars, and development practitioners translate the messages and teach the
community of the depth of their problems .

 They make community members to believe that the solution to their problems
lies on the said policies that address these problems.

 Community members begin to see themselves as people with special needs that
can only be met by outsiders thus undermining their capabilities and
reproducing notions of dependency(deficiency model).
 Scientific research increases the depth of understanding communities
problems since social science research, among others, is based on analysing
communities´ problems and offering solutions to the same. (i.e problem-
oriented data collection).

 Publications offering solutions to community problems reach the media and


development practitioners who take up costly action in trying to reduce
these problems
Critics to the Need-driven Path
1. Viewing communities as needy or problem-laden undermines community efforts
to provide solutions and also denies the community use of community wisdom to
generate community's own problem solving capacities
2. Targeting needs shown in the deficiency map leads concerned institutions to
direct funding not to residents but to service providers
3. The needs driven path undermines local community leadership and ability to
mobilize resources and instead are used by service providers to highlight their
problems. Thus ignores their capacities and strengths
4. Undermines social capital: community and individual relationships based on
mutual supportive links or problems solving
5. Reinforces the dependency cycle
6. Undermines participatory problem solving strategies
2. Asset-Based Community Development
(ABCD)
 This approach is also known as Capacity-Focused Development/Resource-focused
development
 Community assets or resources can refer to the untapped skills, interests, and
experiences of individuals; the potential social relationships embedded in community
organizations; and the underutilized resources of local institutions.
 ABCD focuses on building on or mobilizing community’s assets/resources rather than
focusing on its needs for future development; by focusing on successes and small
triumphs instead of looking to what is missing or negative about a place, a positive
community outlook and vision for the future can be fostered.
 Green and Haines (2007) define ABCD as a planned effort to produce assets that
increase the capacity of residents to improve their quality of life.
 Asset- based development builds on values, visions, or both that are common
across the community.
 These assets/resources/capacities/capitals can be categorized into the expected
economic, environmental, and social capital forms, as well as physical, cultural,
and political forms
 These assets/resources include:
1. Cultural capital reflects the way people know the world and how they act within
it, as well as their traditions and language. It influences what voices are heard and
listened to, which voices have influence in what areas, and how innovation and
creativity emerge and are fostered.
2. Natural capital refers to assets that abide in a par tic u lar location, including
resources, amenities, and natural beauty.
3. Human capital consists of the skills and abilities of people to develop and enhance
their resources and to access outside resources and bodies of knowledge in order
to support community building, including leadership development.
4. Social capital comprises the connections among people and organizations or the
social interaction needed to make things happen.

5. Political capital reflects access to power, organizations, and connections to


resources both internal and external to the community.

6. Physical capital /Built capital includes the physical infrastructure of a


community.

7. Financial capital consists of the financial resources available to invest in


community capacity building— that is, building businesses in the private and social
sectors by supporting entrepreneurship and increasing wealth in communities.
 Authors also categorise community assets as individuals, associations and
institutions

 Even the poorest of communities has within their members substantial assets,
skills and abilities which if tapped correctly could change the comm. Combining
community assets and harnessing local institutions are key for local development
ABCD in practice
 ABCD usually begins with a mapping process that identifies individual skills,
experiences, and interests. This process documents the potential contributions of
youth, retirees, and disabled residents who have the capacity to individually and
collectively contribute to community well- being, although they are often ignored
in the community development process.
 Mapping of formal and informal organizations at the community level is
essential. They hold social resources (relationships) that can facilitate collective
action. Mapping these organizations helps to locate common values, interests,
and goals that can serve as the basis for action.
 Local institutions and local organizations include private business, public
institutions e.g. schools, community colleges, libraries, etc. and non profit
institutions e.g. hospitals, social service agencies, cultural groups
 Local institutions (for instance, schools, hospitals, and libraries) have the potential
of changing their policies and practices to better serve their community.
 For example, schools can change their purchasing patterns to support local
businesses or their hiring practices to focus on the needs of local unemployed or
underemployed workers. Hospitals can provide outreach to neighborhoods.
Libraries can provide space for community meetings.

 Once assets are mapped, it is possible for the community to develop a set of goals
or a vision that will drive the development process.

 The focus on local assets does not exclude accessing external resources. Local
resources are leveraged to support community initiatives. This process also may
involve a scan of allies and other potential sources of support that may be useful.
Strenghts of ABCD
1. Asset-based –community development starts with what is present in the
community and which does not necessary include financial resources
2. It is internally focused –excludes notions of top down or outside-in
development
3. The path is relationship-driven which reinforces communities social cohesion
4. Inclusiveness- involves all members of the society including the handicap and
marginalised groups (capacity development borrows from all the capacities
and capabilities of all members of community

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