The need to

Take in Food
Eat healthy food to live healthy
Introduction
All living organisms require food because
it contains the needed energy and nutrient
essential to maintain life. The energy
stored in food is required for the vital
activities of any living organism such as
movement, growth, development, and
reproduction.
Metabolism
Refers to all the chemical reactions that take place inside
an organisms body. In order for metabolism to occur
properly, energy must be supplied from food.

The intake of food from various sources and the

processes that convert food substances into living matter
are known as
Nutrition
 Animal Nutrition
Autotrophs or self-feeders
- are Plants and other photosynthetic organisms that can
produce their own food.

Heterotrophs
- are animals that must eat other organisms, either dead or
alive for the nutrients.
 3 Dietary Categories
Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores
An animal that eats only other A living thing that eats both plants
An animal that eats only Plants
animals and other animals
(exclusive to eating plants)
(exclusive to eating flesh) (eat both plants and animals)
 Dentritivores

• also known as Detritus feeders or eaters. (or

decomposers) are organisms that break-down
and feed on dead and decaying organic
materials,
• Typical soil-dwelling dentritivores include.
Earthworms, slugs, and insects such as dung
flies
• In aquatic ecosystems, bottom dwellers such
as crabs, sea cucumbers, and sea stars play an
important role in breaking down organic
matter
 Types Of Digestive Systems in Animals

Intracellular Digestion Multicellular Digestion

• Single-celled organisms process their • Nutrients are absorbed into the

food right inside their cells. bloodstream after they have been
• this process is called intracellular broken down within a digestive cavity
digestion, which happens inside the cell while wastes are excreted out.
through food vacuoles • And this process is known as
• this kind of digestion is common in extracellular digestion.
single-celled organisms such as protists,
amoeba, and Paramecium
Feeding Mechanisms in Animals

Marine Invertebrates

• Live in an environment with an abundance of

floating microscopic food particles such as
bacteria, phytoplanktons, and zooplankton.
• Most of these organisms use their body parts to
move water toward a feeding structure and this
feeding mechanism is known as Suspension
Feeding
Earthworms
• are known as Substrate feeders, because they eat their
way through the soil while digesting and excreting food
as they crawl

Mosquitos
• Fluid feeders ingest their food by sucking nutrient-rich
fluid from a living host that is either a plant og animal
 Snake

• Most higher forms in the animal kingdom are

Bulk Feeders
• The Bulk Feeders use a variety of means such as
claws, poisonous fangs, retractable jaws, and
sharp teeth to tear the food source into pieces of
meat so they could take mouthfuls if an animal
 Nutrients Uptake in Cells among
Animals
• Cells must take in nutrients, which may either be fluid or
solid. And Macromolecules, like proteins and other large
particles, cannot enter and exit the cell through carrier
proteins, and this requires bulk-transport mechanism.
• They enter the cell through different processes that also
require energy.
• Large molecules enter the cell through the process called

Endocytosis
Endocytosis
wherein the cell membrane bends inward, forming a vesicle that
contains the macromolecule to be transported.
Phagocytosis
• Phagocytosis or "cell eating" is a process wherein cells take in
large particles or solids through the infolding of the cell
membrane to form endocytic vesicles.
• Phagocytosis is used in single-celled organisms as a means to
capture food.
• Phagocytosis is exhibited by white blood cells to capture and
kill the invading bacteria, viruses, or worn-out cells, and is thus
crucial when fighting infections.
Pinocytosis

• Pinocytosis or ‘’cell drinking’’ is a process wherein a cell takes

in fluids by the invagination of the cell membrane that forms a
vesicle or vacuole.
• If the vesicle is small with a diameter of 0.1 μm, it is called
micropinocytosis ,
• whereas a vesicle with a diameter of 1-2μm is called macro
pinocytosis.
Receptor - Mediated Endocytosis

• Specific molecules, on the other hand, can be

transported through receptor - mediated endocytosis.
• One type of molecule that is transported by the receptor
- mediated endocytosis is the low-density lipoprotein
(LDL)
 Stages of Food Processing in
Animals
First Stage Third Stage
• The first stage involves ingestion or the • The third stage involves absorption,
act of eating or taking in food via the where the small molecules, now in the
mouth cavity. form of building blocks, will be
absorbed by the lining of the digestive
Second Stage tract.

Last Stage
• The second stage is digestion, which
involves the mechanical and chemical • The last stage is elimination, whereby
breakdown of large food molecules into undigested food is removed from the
soluble or diffusible molecules that can be digestive tract.
absorbed by the cells.
 Human Digestive System
• The digestive system converts the foods we eat into
their simplest forms, like glucose (sugars), amino
acids (that make up protein) or fatty acids (that make
up fats). The broken-down food is then absorbed into
the bloodstream from the small intestine and the
nutrients are carried to each cell in the body.
 Nutritional Requirements of
Animals
• Mammals, in particular, share common nutritional requirements
needed to stay healthy and for normal physiological processes.
Nutritional studies require the consumption of
• Six types of nutrients - water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
minerals, and vitamins, that are needed by the body to maintain
homeostasis.
 6 Types of Nutrients
Water
Lipids
• helps your body digest food and eliminate
• are macromolecules that include fats, and
waste products, regulates body temperature
waxes, that also function for energy and
and keeps the skin and internal respiratory
structural support in cell membranes.
surfaces moist.
Minerals
Carbohydrates
• are inorganic materials needed by the body to
• are macromolecules that provide the maintain homeostasis. Minerals needed by the
main source of energy in the body body in small amounts are called
• Trace Elements (iodine, manganese and zinc)
Proteins
• are macromolecules essential for the Vitamins
growth of new protoplasm and repair of • are complex organic compounds that are
worn out body cells and tissues. AMINO
not manufactured by the body
ACIDS building blocks of proteins
 Plant Nutrition Requirements
• Plants, just like animals and humans, need a steady supply of
nutrients for survival.
• Plants need 2 raw materials CARBON DIOXIDE and WATER
to make all the carbohydrates in their body.
• A chemical analysis of a plants body shows that carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, as well as trace of minerals,
are needed by plants.
• Table 3-1 are the lists of minerals needed by plants to grow
strong and healthy.
 Nutritional Adaptation by Plants
• Some plants evolve strategies to obtain nutrients from the
environment. Certain groups of Plants obtain their nutrients by
directly getting it from other organisms similar to what animals
do.
• These carnivorous plants grow in acidic soils that lack the
organic nitrogen. To compensate for the lack of nitrogen, these
plants capture and digest small insects for their survival and
continuous growth.
Venus Flytrap Pitcher Plant Sundew
THANK YOU
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