Statistics with Computer Application

T – Test
What It Is With Multiple Formulas and When To Use Them
What Is a T-Test?

A t-test is an inferential statistic used to

determine if there is a significant difference
between the means of two groups and how they
are related. T-tests are used when the data sets
follow a normal distribution and have unknown
variances, like the data set recorded from
flipping a coin 100 times.
What Is a T-Test?

The t-test is a test used for hypothesis testing in

statistics and uses the t-statistic, the t-
distribution values, and the degrees of freedom
to determine statistical significance.
Key Takeaways

01 02 03
A t-test is an inferential The t-test is a test used Calculating a t-test requires three fundamental
statistic used to determine if for hypothesis testing in data values including the difference between the
there is a statistically statistics. mean values from each data set, the standard
significant difference deviation of each group, and the number of data
between the means of two values.
variables.
Key Takeaways

Dependent (related,
within subject or paired)
sample t-test compares
the means of two
04 Independent (unrelated)
sample t-test compares
conditions in which the the means of two groups
same (or closely matched) T-tests can be dependent or of participants.
participants participated in independent.
the study.
T – Test [‘tē-’test]

A statistical test used to compare the means of

two groups of data. (Investopedia)
Understanding the T –
Test
A t-test compares the average values of two data sets and determines if
they came from the same population. In the above examples, a sample of
students from class A and a sample of students from class B would not
likely have the same mean and standard deviation. Similarly, samples
taken from the placebo-fed control group and those taken from the drug
prescribed group should have a slightly different mean and standard
deviation.
Understanding the T
- Test Using the formulas, values
Mathematically, the t-test takes a sample from
are calculated and compared
each of the two sets and establishes the problem against the standard values.
statement. It assumes a null hypothesis that the
The assumed null hypothesis
two means are equal.
is accepted or rejected
accordingly. If the null
hypothesis qualifies to be
rejected, it indicates that
data readings are strong and
are probably not due to
chance.
Understanding the T
– Test
The t-test is just one of many tests used for this
purpose. Statisticians use additional tests other
than the t-test to examine more variables and
larger sample sizes. For a large sample size,
statisticians use a z-test. Other testing options
include the chi-square test and the f-test.
Using a T – Test
Consider that a drug manufacturer tests a new
medicine. Following standard procedure, the
drug is given to one group of patients and a
placebo to another group called the control
group. The placebo is a substance with no
therapeutic value and serves as a benchmark to
measure how the other group, administered the
actual drug, responds.

After the drug trial, the members of the placebo-fed control group reported an
increase in average life expectancy of three years, while the members of the group
who are prescribed the new drug reported an increase in average life expectancy of
four years.
Using a T – Test

Initial observation indicates that the drug is

working. However, it is also possible that the
observation may be due to chance. A t-test can
be used to determine if the results are correct
and applicable to the entire population.
Using a T – Test
Four assumptions are made while using a t-test.
The data collected must follow a continuous or
ordinal scale, such as the scores for an IQ test,
the data is collected from a randomly selected
portion of the total population, the data will
result in a normal distribution of a bell-shaped
curve, and equal or homogenous variance exists
when the standard variations are equal.
In statistics, there are three commonly used t-tests:

01 02 03
One Sample t- Independent Paired Samples t-test: Used to
test: Used to Two Sample t- compare two population means
compare a test: Used to when each observation in one
population compare two sample can be paired with an
mean to some population observation in the other sample.
value. means.
One Sample T – Test in
Real Life

Example 1: Manufacturing Example 2: Medicine

A manufacturing engineer wants to know if One A doctor may want to know if some new
some new process leads to a significant drug leads to a significant reduction in blood
improvement in mean battery life of some Sample T – pressure compared to the current standard
product. drug used.
Test
To test this, he measures the mean battery To test this, he recruits 20 subjects to
life for 50 products created using the new participate in a study in which they each take
process and performs a one sample t-test the new drug for one month. He can perform
to determine if the mean battery life is a one sample t-test to determine if the mean
different from the mean battery life of reduction in blood pressure is significantly
products made using the current process. greater than the mean reduction that results
from the current standard drug.
One Sample t-test:
Definition, Formula and
Example
A one sample t-test is used to test whether or
not the mean of a population is equal to some
value.
One Sample T - Test

This process explains the following:

• The motivation for performing a one sample t-test.
• The formula to perform a one sample t-test.
• The assumptions that should be met to perform a one
sample t-test.
• An example of how to perform a one sample t-test.
 Suppose we want to know
One Sample T –
Test: Motivation whether or not the mean
weight of a certain species of
turtle in Florida is equal to
310 pounds. Since there are
thousands of turtles in
Florida, it would be
extremely time-consuming
and costly to go around and
weigh each individual turtle.
 One Sample t – Test:
Motivation

The t-test is just one of many tests used for this purpose.
Statisticians use additional tests other than the t-test to
examine more variables and larger sample sizes. For a
large sample size, statisticians use a z-test. Other testing
options include the chi-square test and the f-test.
One Sample T – Test:
Motivation
However, it’s virtually guaranteed that the mean
weight of turtles in our sample will differ from
310 pounds. The question is whether or not this
difference is statistically significant. Fortunately,
a one sample t-test allows us to answer this
question.
One Sample T – Test:
Formula

A one-sample t-test always uses the following

null hypothesis:

H0: μ = μ0 (population mean is equal to some

hypothesized value μ0)
One Sample T –
Test: Formula
The alternative hypothesis can be either two-tailed, left-
tailed, or right-tailed:

• H1 (two-tailed): μ ≠ μ0 (population mean is not equal

to some hypothesized value μ0)
• H1 (left-tailed): μ < μ0 (population mean is less than
some hypothesized value μ0)
• H1 (right-tailed): μ > μ0 (population mean is greater
than some hypothesized value μ0)
 One Sample T – Test:
Formula
We use the following formula to calculate the
where: test statistic t:

•x: sample mean t = (x – μ) / (s/√n)

•μ0: hypothesized population
mean
•s: sample standard
deviation
•n: sample size
One Sample T – Test:
Formula

If the p-value that corresponds to the test statistic t with (n-1)

degrees of freedom is less than your chosen significance level
(common choices are 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01) then you can
reject the null hypothesis.
 For the results of a one sample t-test to be
valid, the following assumptions should be
One Sample T – Test: met:
Assumptions • The variable under study should be
either an interval or ratio variable.
• The observations in the sample should
be independent.
• The variable under study should be
approximately normally distributed.
You can check this assumption by
creating a histogram and visually
checking if the distribution has roughly
a “bell shape.”
• The variable under study should have
no outliers. You can check this
assumption by creating a boxplot and
visually checking for outliers.
One Sample t – Test:
Example

Suppose we want to know whether or not the mean weight of

a certain species of turtle is equal to 310 pounds. To test this,
will perform a one-sample t-test at significance level α = 0.05
using the following steps:
Step 1: Gather the sample
data.
Suppose we collect a random sample of turtles
with the following information:

Sample size n = 40
Sample mean weight x = 300
Sample standard deviation s = 18.5
Step 2: Define the
hypotheses.
We will perform the one sample t-test with the
following hypotheses:

• H0: μ = 310 (population mean is equal to 310

pounds)
• H1: μ ≠ 310 (population mean is not equal to
310 pounds)
Step 3: Calculate the test
statistic t.

t = (x – μ) / (s/√n)
= (300-310) / (18.5/√40)
= -3.4187
Step 4: Calculate the p-
value of the test statistic t.

According to the T Score to P Value

Calculator, the p-value associated
with
t = -3.4817 and
degrees of freedom = n-1 = 40-1 = 39
is 0.00149.
Step 5: Draw a conclusion.

Since this p-value is less than our

significance level α = 0.05, we
reject the null hypothesis. We have
sufficient evidence to say that the
mean weight of this species of
turtle is not equal to 310 pounds.
THANK
YOU
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