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Multiple Xing and Switching

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10 views41 pages

Multiple Xing and Switching

Uploaded by

Salu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multiplexing and Switching

Multiplexing

Sharing the link among multiple users


Multiplexing

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)


Synchronous TDM
Statistical TDM

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)


Time Division Multiplexing

The Basic Idea:

As the name suggest, Divide time amongst


the users
Give each user some time to transmit data
This process is periodic in a round robin
fashion
The time given to a each user is referred to
as Time Slot or Time Quantum
Time Division Multiplexing
3 2 1

3 2 1
MUX

3 2 1

THE TRANSMITTER
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1

THE LINK
DEMUX

THE RECEIVER
WARNING………!!!!!!!
There should be no Timing difference between
the
MUX and DEMUX
Therefore, the two devices
should be synchronized……

And so it is called Synchronous TDM


The problem with Synchronous TDM

What if host2 has only one packet to send


and host3 has two packet to send……..

3 2 1

1
MUX

2 1
3 2 2 1 1 1

THE LINK
Time slots are being
wasted….!!
The solution is

Statistical TDM
Statistical TDM

Here Time slots are given on


demand……….rather than in round robin
fashion
Each User can get 2 or more consecutive
time slots
If time slot is not required, it is not
allocated
Hence, not wasted
Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing Diagram
FDM

Sharing is doneby assigning each


user a specific frequency (Carrier
Frequency)
each to the required frequency
Modulation
signal equipment is used to
move
band. equipment is needed to
combine the
Multiplexing modulated signal
User 1 M f1

D
User 2 f2
U
L

A
T
User 3 f3
O
All the users transmit their data simultaneously….

f1 f2 f3
The Received data at the Receiver

f1 f2 f3

The output

f1 f2 f3
Switching
Switching Networks
A network is made up of end hosts and
intermediate switching nodes

Data is usually passed through a


network of intermediate switching
nodes

The Switching nodes:


Not concerned with the contents of the
data;
C
D
A

7
1 6

2 4
Switching Nodes
End Hosts E
3

B
F
Some Notes…
Some nodes only connect to other nodes

Some nodes connect to end hosts also

Usually the network is not fully connected; there


is not a direct link between each pair of nodes

If there are more than one paths between any


pair of nodes; this increases the reliability of the
network

Node-Node links are usually multiplexed


Two Technologies for Switching

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

They differ in the way the nodes switch


information from one link to another on the
way from source to destination
Circuit Switching

A dedicated communication path between


the hosts
C
D
A

7
1 6

2 4
Switching Nodes
End Hosts E
3

B
F
Three Phases
Circuit Establishment
• Host-B send a connection request towards Host-D
• Intermediate nodes route the request to Host-D based
on measures of availability and cost
• If ready, D accepts the connection and a dedicated path
(generally full duplex) is established from B through the
intermediate nodes to D

Data Transfer
• The data (analog/digital) is carried on the dedicated
path

Circuit Disconnect
• Done by any one station
• Signals are propagated to intermediate nodes to de-
allocate the dedicated resources
Principle
• Circuit switching designed for voice
– Resources dedicated to a particular call
– Much of the time a data connection is idle
– Data rate is fixed
• Both ends must operate at the same rate
Packet Switching
Problems in Circuit Switching
Circuit Switching approach is inefficient

Since data rate is constant, therefore the


devices interconnected must transmit and
receive at the same data rate, This limits the
interconnection of variety of hosts

Further calls are blocked when all the lines are


busy
Packet Switching…...A quick overview

 Data is transmitted in short packets

 If a source has larger message to send, the message is broken


up into a series of packets

 Each packet contains user’s data plus some control


information (header)

 The control information, at a minimum includes the


information that the network requires to be able to route the
packet through the network and deliver it to the intended
destination

 At each node the packet is received, stored briefly and passed


on to the next node
Advantages
 Line efficiency is greater

 A packet switching network can perform data rate


conversion

 In Circuit Switching, calls are blocked whereas in P.S.


packets are still accepted but delivery delay increases

 Priorities can be used, thus a higher priority packet


experiences less delay
Types of Packet Switching

Datagram Approach

Virtual Circuit Approach


Datagram Packet Switching
 Each packet is treated independently, with no reference to packets
that have gone before

 Each packet contains the address of its destination

 The packets with the same destination do not always follow the
same route

 Some packets can get late and some can get destroyed in the
network

 Therefore, packets can be received out of order at the


destination

 There must be some mechanism of re-ordering at the


receiver

 Each packet, treated independently, is referred to as


A

B
Virtual Circuit Packet Switching

A preplanned route is established before


any packets are sent
All the packets follow that routethe route
Just like circuit
the
switching, should be
transmission of data after
terminated
Connect Accept
Data Disconnect
Packets will be received in order

However, packets can get lost on the way


Event Timing

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