An Introduction of

3GPP Long Term Evolution

(LTE)
 What is LTE ?
 In Nov. 2004, 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership
Project) began a project to define the Long-Term
Evolution (LTE) of Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) cellular
technology
 Higher performance
 Backwards compatible
 Wide applications

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 History of LTE
 LTE is a standard for wireless data communications technology and
an evolution of the GSM/UMTS standards.
 The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless
data networks using new DSP (digital signal processing) techniques
and modulations.
 A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the network
architecture to an IP-based system with significantly reduced transfer
latency compared to the 3G architecture.

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 History of LTE(Cont’d)
 LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004, and
studies on the new standard officially commenced in 2005.
 The LTE standard was finalized in December 2008, and the first
publicly available LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo
and Stockholm on December 14, 2009 as a data connection with a
USB modem.
 Samsung Galaxy Indulge being the world’s first LTE smartphone
starting on February 10, 2011.

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Evolution of Radio Access
Technologies

802.16m

802.16d/e

 LTE (3.9G) :
3GPP release 8~9
 LTE-Advanced :
3GPP release 10+

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Goals
 LTE aims to achieve a peak data rate of 300 Mbit/s in the downlink and 75 Mbit/s in
the uplink (UL), respectively, with a 20-MHz spectrum allocation for each of the
downlink and uplink.

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Spectrum assigned…

Bands for FDD operation of LTE 7

Bands for TDD operation of LTE

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what was the major change???
 In a somewhat bold move, it was decided to completely change both the
air interface and the core network.
 The air interface was to move to Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) as modulation,and Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access (OFDMA), with (limited) support for Multiple Input
Multiple Output system (MIMO) antenna technology. The core network
was to evolve into a pure packet-switched network.

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) Based Multiple Access (OFDMA)

 Orthogonality Principle
 OFDM
 OFDM-FDMA
Orthogonality Principle
 Vector space
 A, B and C vectors in space
are orthogonal to each other
 A.B=B.C=C.A=0

A
C

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Orthogonality Principle cont..

 Real Function space

f1 (t )  A sin( wt )
f 2 (t ) B cos( wt )
 T


f1 (t ) f 2 (t ) dt 0
f m (t ) M sin( mwt )
f n (t )  N cos( nwt )
 T


f m (t ) f n (t ) dt 0
13
OFDM

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15
Example of OFDM
 Lets assume we have following information bits
 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, …
 Just converts the serials bits to parallel bits

C1 C2 C3 C4
1 1 -1 -1
1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 -1
-1 1 -1 -1
-1 1 1 -1
-1 -1 1 1
Example of OFDM cont..
Modulate each column with corresponding sub-carrier using BPSK

Modulated signal for C1 Modulated signal for C2

Modulated signal for C3 Modulated signal for C4

Example of OFDM cont..
 Final OFDM Signal = Sum of all signal
N1
V(t)
V (t )  I (t ) sin( 2nt )
n 0
n

Generated OFDM signal, V(t)

OFDM-FDMA (OFDMA)
LTE Downlink(OFDMA) and Uplink (SC-FDMA)

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Advantages of OFDMA

 Multi-user Diversity

broadband signals experience frequency selective
fading

OFDMA allows different users to transmit over
different portions of the broadband spectrum (traffic
channel)

Different users perceive different channel qualities, a
deep faded channel for one user may still be favorable
to others
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Advantages of OFDMA cont..

Multi-user Diversity
 2
x(t )
PAPR 
Disadvantages of OFDMA P avg

The large amplitude variation increases in-band noise and

increases the BER when the signal has to go through amplifier
nonlinearities.
Disadvantages of OFDMA cont..

 Synchronization
 Tight Synchronization between users are required for

FFT in receiver
 Pilot signals are used for synchronizations

 Co-channel interference
 Dealing with this is more complex in OFDM than in CDMA
 Dynamic channel allocation with advanced
coordination among adjacent base stations

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27
OFDM-FDMA (System View)
OFDMA Receiver

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4jKLkF4mGw0

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Reduced latency….
 For latency, the goals distinguish between
1. Control-plane latency (defined as the time for a handset to transition from various
nonactive states to active states), which are between 50 and 100 ms, depending on the
state in which the MS originally was. Furthermore, at least 400 active MSs per cell
should be supported.

2. User-plane latency (defined as the time it takes to transmit a small Internet Protocol
(IP) packet to the edge node of the Radio Access Network, RAN), which should not
exceed 5ms in a network with a single MS. (i.e., no congestion problems).

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Protocol stack

Layer 3 Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Control / Measurements

Logical channels
Layer 2
Medium Access Control
(MAC)
Transport channels

Layer 1 Physical layer

Frame structure

Sampling time Ts = (1/30,720,000) s

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One Time slot..

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Frames,slots and symbols
 Radio frame:
 Subframe:
 Time slots:
 Each subcarrier bandwidth:
 One OFDM symbol duration:
 Duration of short cyclic prefix: 160 Ts=
 Duration of long cyclic prefix:512 Ts=

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38
RE and RB
 RE(resource element): LTE Resource element is the smallest
unit of resource assignment. It is the resource utilized to send a
single OFDM symbol.
 A Resource Block (RB) is a time- and frequency resource that
occupies 12 subcarriers (12x15 kHz = 180 kHz) and one slot
(= 0.5 ms).

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Physical layer procedure

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Modulation mapping

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Coding in LTE
 CRC coding

 Convolution coding (only used to transmit control information)

 Turbo coding (used for paging and traffic channel)

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Turbo coders

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Transmit diversity:(STBC) or Alamouti codes

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Transmit diversity(STBC)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=qtpTGIYvPEo
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48
For 2x2 MIMO LTE

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50
Multi-Antenna Techniques

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52
53
Network Architecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSWnRK_L1n0

 Overall architecture

MME/SAE Gateway MME/SAE Gateway

S1

S1
X2 E-UTRAN
eNB eNB

eNB
Network architecture

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 Layer 2 and above over the radio interface
 The eNode B hosts the following functions:

Functions for Radio Resource Management:
 Radio Bearer Control,
 Radio Admission Control,
 Connection Mobility Control,
 Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink
and downlink (scheduling);

IP header compression and encryption of user data
stream;

Selection of an MME at UE attachment;
 Interface towards the Core network
 Generalities

Two interfaces:
 S1 for the Control plane
 X1 for the User plane (new)

Additional interface in between eNode Bs: X2
 Including both Control and User plane
 LTE Downlink Channels
 The LTE radio interface, various "channels" are used. These are used
to segregate the different types of data and allow them to be
transported across the radio access network in an orderly fashion.
 Physical channels: These are transmission channels that carry user
data and control messages.
 Transport channels: The physical layer transport channels offer
information transfer to Medium Access Control (MAC) and higher
layers.
 Logical channels: Provide services for the Medium Access Control
(MAC) layer within the LTE protocol structure.

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 LTE Downlink Channels

Paging Control Channel

Paging Channel

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

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LTE Downlink Logical Channels

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LTE Downlink Logical Channels

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LTE Downlink Transport Channel

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LTE Downlink Transport Channel

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LTE Downlink Physical Channels

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LTE Downlink Physical Channels

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 LTE Uplink Channels

Random Access Channel

CQI report
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Physical Radio Access Channel

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LTE Uplink Logical Channels

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LTE Uplink Transport Channel

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LTE Uplink Physical Channels

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Physical layer procedures
Establishing a connection:
An MS has to acquire the timing of the signals in the cell it is in.

After the acquisition of the timing and reception of the BCH,

additional cell system information is communicated in the System

Information Blocks (SIBs) transmitted via the DL-SCH

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• SIB 1: It contains information about the access to the cell, information about cell
selection, etc. It also contains a System Indicator (SI) window length, which is needed
for the reception of all other SIBs.
• SIB 2:It contains configuration information valid for all MSs, like the configuration of
common channels, pilot configuration, timers, etc.
• SIB 3–8: they contain information related to intersystem, interfrequency, and
intrafrequency handover.
• SIB 9: It contains an identifier for the home BS.
• SIB 10 and 11: they contain information for earthquake and tsunami warning systems.

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Retransmission and reliability
 Hybrid ARQ (HARQ): It provides for an integrated PHY/MAC approach for
retransmission of data blocks that were not received successfully the first time, in such
a way that the data from the multiple transmission can be combined. The
retransmissions occur quickly.
 Radio Link Control (RLC): It is a higher layer retransmission protocol that arranges
for the retransmissions of all the data blocks that fail even after HARQ. This
mechanism is quite a bit slower, but will be invoked only rarely . Being a
“fallback”solution, it provides the extra reliability required for some applications (e.g.,
file transfer). The retransmission function can be switched off whenever it is not
necessary/helpful.

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HARQ scheduling

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Scheduling
 Scheduling in the context of LTE is the question at what time,
and on which subcarriers, information for/of which MS is
transmitted.
 Furthermore, it also involves the choice of the transport format,
i.e., transport blocksize, modulation and coding scheme, and the
multiple-antenna scheme
 Scheduling decisions can change from subframe to subframe.

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Power control
 Open loop power control
 Closed loop power control:

A power control signal that is transmitted in the PDCCH then

“fine-tunes” the transmit power. One-bit power control signals
request the power to be changed by ±1 dB; 2-bit signals select
from the set [−1, 0,1,3] dB.

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Handover in LTE
 Handover preparation
(a) The source BS configures the measurements the MS has to perform and
report. Specifically, it sets the thresholds such that reports from the MS to
the BS are required if certain measurement results (e.g., signal quality to
neighboring BS) exceed those thresholds. Alternatively, the BS requires
periodic reports.
(b) MS sends its measurement results.
(c) BS makes a handover decision based on the measurement results .

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(d)The source BS sends a handover request to the target BS, usually via the
X2 interface (the interface between two BSs).
(e) The target BS performs an admission control. If the target cell has no
resources available, the connection might have to be terminated.
(f) If it admits the handover, the target BS sends a “handover request
acknowledgement” to the
source BS.

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 Handover execution
(a) The source BS sends a handover command to the MS, and at the
same time starts to forward downlink packets (i.e., packets it
receives from the network for this MS) to the target BS.
Transmission of those packets by the target BS has to wait until the
target BS can actually communicate to the MS .
(b) The source BS tells the target BS which packets were already
acknowledged by the MS.
(c) The MS synchronizes itself to the target BS via the RACH
(d) The target BS transmits the uplink resource allocation and timing
advance to the MS.
(e) The MS sends a “handover confirm” message to the target BS.
From that time on, target BS and MS can communicate with each
other.
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 Handover completion
(a) The target BS sends a “path switch” message to the MME,
requesting that data for the MS are henceforth sent to the target
BS.
(b) The MME forwards this message to the serving gateway.
(c) The serving gateway switches to the target BS the route the data
for the MS have to take.
(d) The serving gateway confirms the switch to the MME.
(e) The MME confirms the “path switch” message to the target BS.
(f) The target BS sends a message to the source BS, telling it to
release the resources still reserved for the MS.
(g) The source BS releases the resources.

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https://www.sharetechnote.com/
html/Handbook_LTE_MBSFN.html

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