LTE System Overview

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 Contents
1. LTE Industry Briefing

2. LTE Network Architecture

3. LTE Air Interface Principles

4. LTE Signaling and Protocols

Page1
Evolution of Cellular Networks

GPRS
EDGE

AMPS (Advanced Mobile D-AMPS LTE Advanced

UMTS
Telephone System) – 1976 GSM WiMAX 802.16m
CDMA2000
TACS (Total Access CDMA One UMB
WiMAX
Communications System)
TD-SCDMA

Page2
LTE Technical Objectives
LTE Requirements from ITU LTE Technical Features from 3GPP
Flexible bandwidth 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz, 20MHz
DL: 5(bit/s)/Hz, 3~4 times than R6HSDPA
Higher spectrum efficiency
UL: 2.5(bit/s)/Hz, 2~3 times than R6HSDPA
Higher peak throughput (@20MHz)
DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps
DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps
Control plane:< 100ms, User plane: <
Control plane:< 100ms, User plane: < 10ms
10ms
Shall support
Shall support high speed vehicular(>350km/h) for
stationary/pedestrian/vehicular/high
100kbps access service.
speed vehicular
Support interoperability between 3GPP existed and non-
Support inter-system handover
3GPP
Remove CS domain, CS service realized in PS domain
VoIP Capacity which can support multiple service, especially voice
service (such as VoIP).
Decrease network evolution cost Remove BSC/RNC
Reduce CAPEX and OPEX SON

Page3
 3GPP Releases

GPRS UMTS HSUPA

171.2kbit/s 2Mbit/s 5.76Mbit/s

HSPA+
GSM HSDPA
28.8Mbit/s
9.6kbit/s 14.4Mbit/s
42Mbit/s

Page4
 Contents
1. LTE Industry Briefing

2. LTE Network Architecture

3. LTE Air Interface Principles

4. LTE Signaling and Protocols

Page5
 Network Architecture Evolution
PSTN
page

CS PS EPC
P-GW
HSS
CN
GMSC HLR GGSN
SGW MME
MSC/VLR SGSN

Iu-CS Iu-PS
S1-U S1-C
S1-U S1-C

Iub Iub X2
RNC
Iub eNodeB
eNodeB X2 X2

NodeB NodeB

UTRAN NodeB eNodeB E-UTRAN

UMTS LTE
 Flat and simple network architecture
 Less network nodes, reduced transmission and radio access delay
 Reduced costs on network deployment and maintenance

Page 6
EPS Network Architecture

PCRF
S6a
S1-C User Plane
HSS
Rx Control Plane
Uu
X2 MME
S11 Gx
S1-C
S1-U
S5 SGi Operator’s
S1-U IP Service

UE E-UTRAN EPC SGW PDN-GW

EPS

GERAN CS CN
E-UTRAN EPC
/UTRAN PS CN
“LTE” “SAE”

 EPC is based on packet domain, and does not support circuit

domain any longer.

Page7
LTE Voice Solution
IMS/SR-VCC: Voice over IMS
over LTE; handover &
roaming to 2G/3G is
Voice & Data supported
on LTE
OTT Mode: To rely on OTT
applications for voice service
LTE Voice offering
Solution

CS Fallback: UE is attached
on LTE, and fallback to
2G/3G for voice calls (MTC
Data on LTE
and MOC)
Voice on CS
SVLTE (Dual Standby): Dual
simultaneously radio access running on the
same UE allowing data on LTE and voice
on 2G/3G CS in parallel

Page8
Typical Packet Service

1 MME
ICP/ISP

internet
2 S-GW P-GW
eNodeB
Signaling
Data
Typical Voice Service

IMS domain
MGCF
EPC Signaling
IMS Signaling 3
SS7 Signaling
CSCF IMS-MGW SS7
Data (VOIP)

MME 4
1

2
MSC
4 PLMN
S-GW P-GW
eNodeB
EPC
 Contents
1. LTE Industry Briefing

2. LTE Network Architecture

3. LTE Air Interface Principles

4. LTE Signaling and Protocols

Page11
 Contents
3 LTE Air Interface Principles
3.1 Principles of OFDM

3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies

3.3 LTE Frame Structure

3.4 LTE Physical Channel

3.5 Physical Procedures

3.6 Key Technologies

Page12
Duplex Technologies:
Distinguishing UL/DL Signals

 FDD: The uplink and  TDD: The uplink and

downlink use different downlink use different
frequencies. slots.

 Applications: LTE  Applications: LTE TDD,

FDD, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA, and

CDMA2000 WiMAX
Page13
Multiple Access Technology:
Distinguishing Users

FDMA TDMA

CDMA OFDMA

Page 14
OFDM and Multiple Access in LTE

Page15
OFDM Overview
 OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is essentially a FDM.
 Multiple orthogonal frequencies are used to achieve data transmission
on a greater bandwidth.
 OFDM subcarriers are overlapping and orthogonal, greatly improving
the spectral efficiency.

FDM OFDM

Page 16
Page17
 Contents
3 LTE Air Interface Principles
3.1 Principles of OFDM

3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies

3.3 LTE Frame Structure

3.4 LTE Physical Channel

3.5 Physical Procedures

3.6 Key Technologies

Page18
From FDM/FDMA to OFDM/OFDMA
f1 f2 f3 f4

Traditional FDM Spectrum

High spectrum efficiency

Page19
LTE DL Multiple Access - OFDMA
 OFDMA defines the technology of orthogonal frequency
division multiple access.

 OFDMA is essentially the combination of TDMA and FDMA.

System bandwidth
Subcarrier

TTI: 1 ms

Frequency

Time and frequency resourcesallocated to user 1

Time and frequency resources allocatedto user 2

Time Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers

Time and frequency resources allocatedto user 3

Page20
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

Subcarrier
Modulation Inverse Fast
Fourier
Transform

IFFT

Page21
Fast Fourier Transform

Page22
OFDM Symbol Mapping

Page23
OFDM
Peak to Average Power Ratio
PAPR (Peak to Average
Power Ratio) Issue
Peak

Average

Page24
LTE UL Multiple Access - SC-FDMA
 To eliminate the limitation of the high PAPR on the PA, LTE
uses single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-
FDMA) in the uplink.
Frequency bandwidth

Single carrier
TTI: 1 ms

Frequency

Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1

Time and frequency resources allocated to user 2

Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers
Time
Time and frequency resources allocated to user 3

Page25
OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA

Page26
Inter Symbol Interference
A transmitted symbol can be received multiple times at
the receiver, more or less as an “echo” effect. This
echo is what we call “Delay Spread”.

Page27
 Cyclic Prefix
the goal of CP: work as a guard band between LTE symbols

Page28
 Contents
3 LTE Air Interface Principles
3.1 Principles of OFDM

3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies

3.3 LTE Frame Structure

3.4 LTE Physical Channel

3.5 Physical Procedures

3.6 Key Technologies

Page29
LTE Frame Structure

Page30
RE->RB->PRB

Page31
 Contents
3 LTE Air Interface Principles
3.1 Principles of OFDM

3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies

3.3 LTE Frame Structure

3.4 LTE Physical Channel

3.5 Physical Procedures

3.6 Key Technologies

Page32
Location of LTE Physical Channels
Logical channels
indicate the type of
information transferred.

Transport channels
describe what typical
configuration the physical
layer uses to provide
transport services on the
air interface.

Radio channel Physical channels

describe the physical
features of signals, such
as coding and
modulation.

Page33
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)

Channel bandwidth BWChannel

1.4 3 5 10 15 20
[MHz]
Transmission bandwidth
6 15 25 50 75 100
configuration NRB

Page34
MIB to PBCH Mapping (FDD and
Normal CP)
MIB

CRC
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping PBCH
Precoding
Mapping to REs

10ms Frame

Page35
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control
Channel)
Downlink Frame - 10ms
Control 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Region
5MHz (25 Resource Blocks)

Page36
 PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared
Channel)
Subframe

x R x R
PDSCH
R x R x
Symbols
x R x R

PDSCH R x R x
Symbol
x R x R
Mapping
R x R x

Reserved for x R x R
Control
R x R x

Page37
Reference Signals

• Cell Specific Reference Signals (non-MBSFN) CRS

DL
• MBSFN Reference Signals(only for MBSFN)
RS
• UE Specific Reference Signals (It is typically used for beamforming)

• Demodulation Reference Signal

 Used for channel estimation to help the demodulation of the control
DMRS
UL and data channels in the eNB.

RS • Sounding Reference Signal

 Provides the eNB with uplink channel quality information(CQI) which SRS
can be used for scheduling.

Page38
Cell Specific Reference Signals
It is worth nothing that the position
R0 R0


R0 R0

R0 R0
of the reference signals is
R0
l0
R0
l6 l0 l6
dependent on the value of the
Physical Cell ID.
R0 R0 R1

R0 R0 R1 R1
R1：The RS of NO.1 antenna port

R2： The RS of NO.2 antenna port

R0 R0 R1 R1
R3： The RS of NO.3 antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1 R4： The RS of NO.4 antenna port
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6

Page39
RS Measurement
 After receiving all necessary system messages, UE start to
measure RS for cell selection and reselection

 The following quantity should be evaluated for UE idle

status measurement
 RSRP: average power received from single RS (excludind
noise and interference) – enable UE to calculate DL Pathloss

 RSRQ: RS receiving quality – the strength of RS compared to

overall energy

 RSRQ= N *RSRP/RSSI (N indicates the number of RS RE in

one sysmble)

Page40
 LTE Power

RS = reference signal (i.e: column #1 red REs)

RB = resource blocks
REs (excluding RS) within a symbol that contains an RS are
TYPE B (i.e: column #1 blue REs)
REs within a symbol that does not contain an RS are TYPE A
(i.e: column #2 blue REs)
The power of a TYPE B symbol (excluding RS) = Pb
The power of a TYPE A symbol = Pa

Page41
 Contents
1. LTE Industry Briefing

2. LTE Network Architecture

3. LTE Air Interface Principles

4. LTE Signaling and Protocols

Page42
 Control Plane Protocol Stack

 RRM and RRC functionality

are moved from RNC/BSC to
eNodeB

Page43
User Plane Protocol Stack

Page44
System Information

The first three are

key SIBs, including
PLMN ID, cell
selection
parameters, etc.

Page45
Random Access Procedure

If two UEs send their

s-TMSIs simultaneously,
the eNodeB needs to
choose a UE to connect.

Page46
Thank you
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