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Lec 10 Limit of A Function

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16 views23 pages

Lec 10 Limit of A Function

Uploaded by

mibrahim13as
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATH-101

CALCULUS AND
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
Atifa Kanwal
atifa.kanwal@seecs.edu.pk
Office # 303, Faculty Block, SEECS, NUST
CHAPTER 2:
LIMITS AND
CONTINUITY
Section: 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
Text Book: Thomas’ Calculus (14th Ed)
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
Section: 2.2
In calculus and in its application we are often
interested in the values of . Limits allow us to look
at what happens in a very, very small region
around a point.
The concept of limit helps us to predict value of a
function
• at the point where it is not defined
• when becomes infinitely large or small.
Examples:
Different functions have different behavior near a point where
they are undefined.
2.1: Definition
Let be defined on an open
interval about , except
possibly at itself. If gets
arbitrarily close to for all
sufficiently close to , we say
that approaches the limit as
approaches , and we write
Example: Behavior/Trend of Near a Point

Discuss behavior of near .


Solution:
Let’s sketch it.
At , it is not defined.
But as we approach from
either side, we observe that
approaches 2. So we say
The limit value does not depend on how function
is defined at

All these functions have limit at

Note that Limit of a function at a point, if it exits, is unique.


Limit fails to exist

1. A function may fail to


have limit at a point if
values of approache two
different values from
both sides of .
Limit fails to exist 2. If values of
grow or decrease
without bound as
approaches .

3. Values of oscillates
between two points near .
Calculating Limit From Graphs
Example:
Discuss limits of at
1.
2.
3.
Also find function values at these
points.

Solution:
Exercise 2.2

Q 1 to Q 10
For Q41 to Q46, use graphing
calculator to sketch graphs and
then discuss limits at given
points.
EVALUATING
LIMITS USING
THE LIMIT
LAWS
Section: 2.2
The Limit Laws
If and are real numbers and exist then
1. Sum Rule:

2. Difference Rule:

3. Product Rule:

4. Constant Multiple Rule:


The Limit Laws
5. Quotient Rule:
provided
6. Power Rule:
If and are integers with no common factor and then

provided that is a real number.


Limits of Some Famous Functions
Limits of Polynomials can be found by substitution:
Since polynomials

are defined for all real numbers therefore

Limits of Rational Functions can be found by substitution if


limit of the denominator is not Zero:
If and are polynomials and then
Limits of Some Famous Functions
Limits of Identity Function:
Limit of Identity Function at a point is

Limit of Constant Function:


Limit of Constant Function at every point is .
Examples
Example 1: Evaluate Example 2: Evaluate
Solution: Solution:
Eliminating Zero denominator Algebraically
• If the denominator of a fraction is zero at , then first we eliminate the
factor in the denominator such that the resulting fraction’s denominator is
no longer zero at . Then we can find limit by substitution in the simplified
fraction.
• Zero denominator can be eliminated by factorizing or rationalizing
numerator or denominator.
Example 1: Example 2:
Evaluate Evaluate
Solution:
Example 3:
Evaluate
Solution:
The Sandwich Theorem

Suppose that for all


in some open interval
containing , except possibly at
itself.
Suppose also that

Then
Examples
Example 1:
Given that

Then calculate/discuss .
Solution: Since

Therefore, by sandwich theorem,


Exercise 2.2

Q1 to Q56,
Q63 to Q66,
Q75 to Q80

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