B.

TECH FIRST YEAR

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

COURSE NAME: ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS(EE1002)

COURSE CODE : EE1002
LECTURE SERIES NO : 04 (FOUR)
CREDITS : 4
MODE OF DELIVERY : OFF-LINE
SESSION OUTCOME “ DC NETWORKS ANALYSIS & APPLICATIONS”
ASSIGNMENT
QUIZ ASSESSMENT
MID TERM EXAMINATION –I
END TERM EXAMINATION
CRITERIA’S
CO1 MAPPED WITH PROGRAM
OUTCOMES MAPPING WITH
[PO1],[PO2] , [PO3],[PO4],
[PO7],[PO8]& [PO10]
Analysis of Electric Circuits

Source Transformation

Lecture 4
 Contents

Analysis of Electric Circuits :

1. Sources
2. Source
Transformation

Reference Books
– Chapter 2-4 of Reference 1; [Hughes E]
– Chapter 3 of Reference 2; [Nagasarkar &
– Sukhija]
Chapter 1-2 of Reference 3; [Kothari & Nagrath]
B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 1. Basic circuit elements

• Electric Circuit
– An interconnection of simple electrical devices with at least one closed path
in which current may flow.

– An Electric circuit is a mathematical model that approximates the behavior

of an actual Electrical system.
– A combination of various
elements (Resistor, Inductor,
Capacitor, Voltage source,
Current source) connected in
any manner what so ever is
called an electrical network.
B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 • Circuit Elements

– Two terminal component that cannot be sub-divided

– Described mathematically in terms of its terminal voltage & current

– 5 basic circuit elements

• Active Elements
– Voltage and Current sources
• Passive Elements
– Resistors, Inductors and
Capacitors

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 • Passive Element : The element which receives energy (or absorbs energy) and
then either convert it into heat (R) or can be stored it in an electric (C) or
magnetic (L) filed.

• Active Element : The elements that supply energy to the circuit.

Example: Voltage & Current sources
Transistor (can amplify power of a signal)
Note: Transformer is an example of
passive element. power
remains same both in primary
(Because it doesand
notsecondary sides)
amplify the
power level and
• Bilateral Element : Conduction of current in both directions in an element with
same magnitude. Example: R, C & L

• Unilateral Element : Conduction of current in one directions.

Example: Diode, Transistor

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Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 BasicCircuit
Basic Circuit
Elements
Elements
ActiveElements
Active Elements PassiveElements
Passive Elements

1.
1. Resistors
Resistors
Sources
Sources
2.
2. Inductors
Inductors
3.
3. Capacitors
Capacitors
Dependent
Dependent Independent
Independent
sources
sources sources
sources

Voltage
Voltage Current
Current
sources
sources sources
sources
Ideal
Ideal (DC)
(DC) Practical
Practical (DC)
(DC) Ideal
Ideal (DC)
(DC) Practical
Practical (DC)
(DC)
Voltage
Voltage Voltage
Voltage source
source Current
Current Current
Current source
source
source
source source
source
+-
+-
Vs Vs Rs Is Rs
Is
Vs
B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 Passive Elements
Resistance (R): Property of opposition to flow of current
The voltage across the resistor is proportional to the current flowing
through it ; VR α I or VR = IR, ‘R’ = VR/I; Unit - Ohm

Inductance (L): Property of opposition to the rate of change of current

The voltage induced in the inductor is proportional to the rate of

change
of current flowing through it;
eL = L (di/dt) = N (dФ/dt); L = N (dФ/di); Unit – Henry (H)

Capacitance (C): Property which opposes the rate of change of voltage;

The capacitive current is proportional to the rate of change of voltage

across it ; ic = C (dv/dt); Unit – Farad (F).
B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 Ohm’s Law

• That is,

𝑣 ∝𝑖
• Ohm (scientist) defined the constant of proportionality for a resistor to be
resistance, R.

• Thus the above eq. becomes,

𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅
which is the mathematical form of Ohm’s
law.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 • To apply Ohm’s law, we must pay careful attention to the current direction and
voltage polarity.

• The direction of current and the polarity of voltage 𝑣 must conform with the
passive sign convention.

order for 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 .
 This implies that current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential in

 If current flows from a lower potential to a higher potential, 𝑣 = −𝑖𝑅 .

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 • Since the value of 𝑅 can range from zero to infinity, it is

consider the two extreme possible values of 𝑅.

important that we

• An element with is called a short circuit, as shown in Fig.

• For a short circuit,
𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 = 0

showing that the voltage is zero but

the current could be anything.

• In practice, a short circuit is usually a connecting wire assumed to be a perfect

conductor.

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 • Similarly, an element with 𝑅 = ∞ is known as an open circuit, as shown in Fig.

• For an open circuit,

indicating that the current is zero

though the voltage could be
anything.

Note : It should be pointed out that not all resistors obey Ohm’s law.
A resistor that obeys Ohm’s law is known as a linear resistor.
B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 Problems
Q. A coil has a current of 50 mA flowing through it

𝑅 =is the = 240 of the coil?

when the applied voltage is
V/I 𝛺
Sol.
12 V. What resistance

Q. A 100 V battery is connected across a resistor and causes a current of 5 mA to

flow. Determine the resistance of the resistor. If the voltage is now reduced to

25 V, what will be the new value of the current flowing?

𝑅 = V/I 20𝑘
= 𝛺
Sol.
Current when voltage is reduced to 25 ,

I = = =
25

V/R 1.25𝑚𝐴
20×103

Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

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 2. Sources
• Ideal Nature
– An ideal voltage source maintains a prescribed voltage regardless the
of
current in the device. Internal resistance Rs = 0
– An ideal current source maintains a prescribed current regardless of the

voltage across the device. Internal resistance Rs =

– An ideal or practical source is called as ‘active element’

Note:-

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics

 • Ideal Sources
• Independent Voltage & Current Sources
– Circuit Representation

Ideal Voltage Sources (DC) Ideal Current Sources (DC)

Vs
+-

Vs Is

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics

 • Practical Sources

• Independent Voltage & Current Sources

– Circuit Representation

Practical Voltage Sources Practical Current Sources

Vs Rs

+- Is Rs

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 • Understanding Delivering and Absorbing Power by the Source

Fig. Source and Sink configurations

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 3. Source Transformation
Rs +a
 Conversion of Practical Voltage source
to Current source & vice versa
+
Vs -

-b

Voltage & Current sources shown in

the figure are electrically equivalent if
+a

Vs = Ip * Rp or (Ip = Vs/Rs)
Rs = Rp Ip Rp

-b
B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 • The series combination seems to behave identically to the parallel
combination.
• One can replace one configuration the other where needed. And this
for switch is called source
transformation.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 Numerical Steps
• Each of these circuits has a series parallel structure that makes it possible
to simplify the circuit by the following steps:

• Performing source transformations.

• Replacing series or parallel resistors by an equivalent resistor.
• Replacing series voltage sources by an equivalent voltage source.
• Replacing parallel current sources by an equivalent current
source.
Note:-
• Each simplification is done in such a way that the voltage or current measured
by the meter is not disturbed.

• Generally, that requires beginning the simplification at the opposite end of the
circuit from the meter and then working toward the meter.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 Worked Examples
Example 1
Consider the circuit shown in Figure. Find the value of the voltage measured by
the voltmeter.

Figure 1 The circuit considered in Example 1

Solution:
The voltmeter measures the voltage across the current
source.
B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 (The color-coded probes of the voltmeter indicate the reference direction of the
voltage measured by the voltmeter.)

Figure 2 shows the circuit after the replacing the voltmeter by the equivalent open
circuit and adding a label to show the voltage measured by the meter.

Figure 2 The circuit from Figure 1 after the replacing the voltmeter by an open
circuit.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 Figures 3 through 17 illustrate the use of source transformations and equivalent
resistances to simplify the circuit.

Figure 3 Separating the circuit from Figure 2 into two parts.

Figure 4 The circuit from Figure 3 after doing a source transformation.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 Figure 5 The circuit from Figure 4 after changing the order of parallel elements.

Figure 6 Separating the circuit from Figure 5 into two parts.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 Figure 7 The circuit from Figure 6 after replacing parallel resistors with an
equivalent resistor.

Figure 8 Separating the circuit from Figure 7 into two parts.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 Figure 9 The circuit from Figure 8 after doing a source transformation.

Figure 10 The circuit from Figure 9 after changing the order of series elements.

Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

B Tech. 1st Year
 Figure 11 Separating the circuit from Figure 10 into two parts.

Figure 12 The circuit from Figure 11 after replacing series voltage sources with
an equivalent voltage source

B Tech. 1st Year

Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 Figure 13 Separating the circuit from Figure 12 into two parts.

Figure 14 The circuit from Figure 13 after doing a source transformation.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 Figure 15 The circuit from Figure 14 after changing the order of parallel
elements.

Figure 16 Separating the circuit from Figure 15 into two parts.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 Figure 17 The circuit from Figure 16 after replacing parallel resistors with an
equivalent resistor.

Figure 18 The reduced circuit.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 Example 2
Consider the circuit shown in Figure 19. Find the value of the resistance,
R.

Figure 19 The circuit considered in Example 2.

Solution:
The voltmeter measures the voltage across one of the current
sources.
Figure 20 shows the circuit after the replacing the voltmeter by the equivalent
open circuit and adding a label to show the voltage measured by the meter.

B Tech. 1st Year

Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)
 Figures 21 through 24 illustrate the use of source transformations and equivalent
resistances to simplify the circuit.

Figure 20 The circuit from Figure 19 after the replacing the voltmeter by an open
circuit.

Figure 21 Separating the circuit from Figure 20 into two parts.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 Figure 22 The circuit from Figure 21 after doing a source transformation.

Figure 23 Separating the circuit from Figure 22 into two parts.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)

 Figure 24 The circuit from Figure 23 after replacing series resistors with an
equivalent resistor

Figure 25 The circuit from Figure 24 after numbering the nodes.

Figure 25 shows the simplified circuit after numbering the nodes.

B Tech. 1st Year Electrical & Electronics Systems (EE1002)