construction of three phase

induction motor
classification of ac motor
cut view of three phase squirrel type
induction motor
view of three phase induction
motor
 cut view of three phase squirrel
type induction motor
cut view of three phase slipring
type induction motor
 construction of three phase
induction motor
construction of three phase
induction motor
construction of three phase
induction motor
construction of three phase
induction motor
construction of three phase squirrel
type rotor induction motor
slip ring rotor
construction of three phase
induction motor
construction of three phase
induction motor squirrel type rotor
Introduction
• Three-phase induction motors are the most common and frequently
encountered machines in industry
• simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
• wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to 10 MW
• run essentially as constant speed from zero to full load
• speed is power source frequency dependent
• not easy to have variable speed control
• requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for optimal speed control
Features of three phase induction
motor
• Thus the three phase induction motor is:
• Self-starting.
• Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of
commutators and brushes that may cause sparks.
• Robust in construction.
• Economical.
• Easier to maintain.
Construction
• An induction motor has two main parts
• a stationary stator
• consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core
• core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?), having a number of evenly spaced
slots, providing the space for the stator winding
Construction of three phase
induction motor
• a revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor slots, providing space for the
rotor winding
• one of two types of rotor windings
• conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor) » similar to the winding on
the stator
• aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings, forming a squirrel-cage
shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
• Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
• squirrel-cage
• wound-rotor
squirrel-cage type rotor
squirrel-cage type rotor
squirrel-cage type rotor
squirrel-cage type rotor
squirrel-cage type rotor
squirrel-cage type rotor
slip ring type rotor
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor :
• In Squirrel cage induction motors the rotor is simplest and most
rugged in construction.
• Cylindrical laminated core rotor with heavy bars or copper or
aluminium or alloys are used for conductors.
• Rotor conductors or rotor bars are short circuited with end rings.
• Rotor bars are permanently short circuited and hence it is not
possible to connect external resistance in the circuit in series with the
rotor conductors.
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor :
• Cheaper cost.
• No moving contacts in the rotor.
• Higher efficiency.
• Low starting torque. It is 1.5 time full load torque.
• Speed control by rotor resistance is not possible.
• Starting current is 5 to 7 times the full load.
construction of three phase
induction motor
construction of three phase
induction motor
construction of three phase
induction motor
slip ring type rotor constriction
slip ring type rotor constriction
slip ring type rotor constriction
slip ring type rotor constriction
slip ring type rotor constriction
Slip ring (wound rotor)
Induction Motor
• In slip ring induction motors the rotor is wound type. In the motor the
slip rings, brushes are provided. Compared to squirrel cage rotor the
rotor construction is not simple.
• Cylindrical laminated core rotor is wound for as the number of poles of
the stator.
• At starting the 3 phase windings are connected to a star connected
rheostat and during running
condition, the windings is short circuited at the slip rings.
• It is possible to insert additional resistance in the rotor circuit. Therefore
it is possible to increase the torque ( the additional series resistance is
used for starting purposes).
Slip ring (wound rotor)
Induction Motor
• Cost is slightly higher.
• Carbon brushes, slip rings etc are provided in the rotor circuit.
• comparatively less efficiency.
• High starting torque. It can be obtained by adding external resistance
in the rotor circuit.
• Speed control by rotor resistance is possible.
• Less starting current.
Advantages of Squirrel-Cage
Induction Motors
The advantages of squirrel-cage motors compared with the slip ring
induction motors are given below
i) They are more robust and cheaper
(ii) Comparatively they have higher efficiency and power factor
(iii) Since the risk of sparking is eliminated by the absence of slip rings
and brushes, they are explosion-proof
 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors

• Squirrel type rotor has a cylindrical laminated core with slot

parallel to the shaft, uninsulated conductor bar of aluminium or
copper in each slot of the rotor and the rotor conductor are
short-circuited by heavy end ring at the end of the rotor.
• The end ring and the conductor bar looks same as a cage of
squirrel so it is named as squirrel cage rotor. Squirrel cage
rotor have high efficiency and high power factor, require less
maintenance and is cheap.
Advantages of Slip ring
Induction Motors
The advantages of the wound rotor (Slip ring) Induction
motors compared with the squirrel-cage motors are given below
(i) They have very high starting torque
(ii) They have very low starting current
(iii) They have a means of varying speed by use of external rotor nn
resistance.
 slip ring type induction motor
Slip Ring Rotor consists of sloted armature, Insulated conductor
arranged in slots forming three phase double layer distribution
winding similar to that of the stator winding. Rotor is star
connected and the open ends of the rotor is connected with
brushes to slip ring mounted in the shaft whereas the other end
of slip ring is connected to variable resistor which is totally used
for speed control purpose as stated in the below diagram,
Slip ring inductor motor application
Slip ring inductor motor have High Starting Torque and low
starting current so the load which require this operational
condition uses slip ring type rotor induction motor. Ex :-
Conveyors, Cranes, Compressors, Elevators, Hoist etc
slip ring type rotor
 rotating magnetic field
• A rotating magnetic field is a magnetic field that has moving
polarities in which its opposite poles rotate about a central point or
axis. Ideally the rotation changes direction at a constant angular rate.
This is a key principle in the operation of the
alternating-current motor.
• Rotating magnetic fields are often utilized for electromechanical
applications such as induction motors and electric generators.
However, they are also used in purely electrical applications such as
induction regulators.
rotating magnetic field
• The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an
electrical angle of 120°. When the primary winding or the stator is
connected to a 3 phase AC source, it establishes a rotating magnetic
field which rotates at the synchronous speed.
Secrets Behind the Rotation
• A three phase induction motor consists of three phase winding as its
stationary part called stator. The three phase stator winding is
connected in star or delta. The three phase windings are displaced
from each other by 120°. The windings are supplied by a balanced
three phase ac supply.
rotating magnetic field
The three phase currents flow simultaneously
through the windings and are displaced from each
other by 120° electrical. Each alternating .phase
current produces its own flux which is sinusoidal.
So all three fluxes are sinusoidal and are
separated from each other by 120°. If the phase
sequence of the windings is R-Y-B, then
mathematical equations for the instantaneous
values of the three fluxes ΦR , ΦY ,ΦB can be
written ΦR
as = Φmsin(ωt)
ΦY = Φmsin(ωt - 120)
ΦB = Φmsin(ωt - 240)
rotating magnetic field
• Case 1 : ωt = 0
• ΦR = Φmsin(0) = 0
• ΦY = Φmsin(0 - 120) = -0.866 Φm
• ΦB = Φmsin(0 - 240) = +0.866 Φm
• Case 2 : ωt = 60
• ΦR = Φmsin(60) = +0.866 Φm
• ΦY = Φmsin(- 60) = -0.866 Φm
• ΦB = Φmsin(- 180) = 0
rotating magnetic field
• Case 3 : ωt = 120
• ΦR = Φmsin(120) = +0.866 Φm
• ΦY = Φmsin(0) = 0
• ΦB = Φmsin(- 120) = -0.866 Φm
• Case 4 : ωt = 180
• ΦR = Φmsin(180) = 0
• ΦY = Φmsin(60) = +.866 Φm
• ΦB = Φmsin(- 60) = -0.866 Φm
rotating magnetic field
By comparing the electrical and phasor diagrams
we can find the the flux rotates one complete 360
degree on the 180 degree displacement of flux.
rotating magnetic field

Rotating 3-phase magnetic field, as indicated by the

rotating black arrow
 working principle of three phase
induction motor
• When three phase supply is given to the stator of a three phase
wound stator of the induction motor, a rotating magnetic filed is set
up in the stator which rotates at synchronous speed.
• The stationary rotor conductors cuts by the revolving magnetic field.
• According to Faraday’s law of electro-magnetic induction an emf is
induced in the rotor conductors.
• As rotor conductors are short circuited and current start flowing
through the rotor conductor.
Why the rotor does not rotates at Synchronous speed?

 If the rotor attains the synchronous speed then the

relative speed between rotating magnetic field and
rotor will be zero.
 If this cause no emf will be induced in the rotor
conductors.
 If there is no emf is induced in the rotor conductor, no
current will flow through the rotor
 No magnetic flux will set up in rotor.
 Hence no torque is produced in rotor. That is why, an
induction motor never runs at synchronous speed. It is
always runs at a speed less than synchronous speed.
 An induction motor is also called asynchronous motor.
The principle of operation of this motor depends upon
electromagnetic induction. Hence, the name
induction motor
working principle of three phase
induction motor
An electrical motor is such an electromechanical device which converts
electrical energy into a mechanical energy. In case of three phase AC
operation, most widely used motor is Three phase induction motor as
this type of motor does not require any starting device or we can say
they are self-starting induction motors. For better understanding, the
principle of three phase induction motor, the essential constructional
feature of this motor must be known to us. This Motor consists of two
major parts:
working principle of three phase
induction motor
working principle of three phase
induction motor
working principle of three phase
induction motor
Stator of three phase induction motor is made up of numbers of slots to
construct a 3 phase winding circuit which we connect with 3 phase AC
source. We arrange the three-phase winding in such a manner in the slots
that they produce one rotating magnetic field when we switch on the three-
phase AC supply source.
Rotor of three phase induction motor consists of cylindrical laminated core
with parallel slots that can carry conductors. The conductors are heavy
copper or aluminium bars fitted in each slot and short-circuited by the end
rings. The slots are not exactly made parallel to the axis of the shaft but are
slotted a little skewed because this arrangement reduces magnetic humming
noise and can avoid stalling of the motor.
working principle of three phase
induction motor
• The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an
electrical angle of 120o. When we connect the primary winding, or the
stator to a 3 phase AC source, it establishes rotating magnetic field
which rotates at the synchronous speed.
According to Faraday’s law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linkage through the circuit

As the rotor winding in an induction motor are Here the relative speed between the rotating flux and
either closed through an external resistance or static rotor conductor is the cause of current
directly shorted by end ring, and cut the stator generation; hence as per Lenz's law, the rotor will
rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotate in the same direction to reduce the cause, i.e.
rotor copper bar and due to this emf a current the relative velocity.
flows through the rotor conductor.
Slip

• The difference between the motor speed and the synchronous speed
is called the Slip
nslip nsync  nm

Where nslip= slip speed

nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
Synchronous speed and slip

The rotational speed of the rotating magnetic field is called as

synchronous speed.

The difference between the synchronous speed (Ns) and actual speed
(N) of the rotor is called as slip.
Slip
nsync  nm Where s is the slip
s Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
nsync s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units
 slip of induction motor
The slip in an induction motor is the difference between the main flux
speed and their rotor speed. The symbol S represents the slip. It is
expressed by the percentage of synchronous speed. Mathematically, it
is written as
The value of slip at full load varies from 6% in case
of small motor and 2% in the large motor.
The difference between the synchronous
speed and the actual speed of the rotor is
known as the slip speed. In other words, the slip
speed shows the relative speed of the rotor
concerning the speed of the field.
 slip of induction motor
If Ns is the synchronous speed in revolution per minute
Nr is the actual rotor speed in revolution per minute.
The slip speed of the induction motor is given as

The fraction part of the synchronous speed is called the Per Unit
Slip orFractional Slip.
Equivalent circuit of three phase
induction motor
Equivalent circuit of three phase
induction motor

Stator Circuit Model

Rotor Circuit Model
Approximate Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
 equivalent circuit of three phase
induction motor at standstill

E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm Kw1
E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm. Kw2
Equivalent circuit of three phase
induction motor refer to stator
Torque of a
three phase induction motor
stand still condition
Torque of a three phase induction motor is proportional to flux per stator pole,
rotor current and the power factor of the rotor.

T ∝ ɸ I2 cosɸ2 OR T = k ɸ I2 cosɸ2 .
where, ɸ = flux per stator pole,
I2 = rotor current at standstill,
ɸ2 = angle between rotor emf and rotor current,
k = a constant.

Now, let E2 = rotor emf at standstill

we know, rotor emf is directly proportional to flux per stator pole, i.e. E 2 ∝ ɸ.
therefore, T ∝ E2 I2 cosɸ2 OR T =k1 E2 I2 cosɸ2.
 equivalent circuit of induction
motor at stand still condition
Torque of a
three phase induction motor

Therefore, starting torque can be given as,

Starting Torque

the torque developed at the instant of starting of a motor is called as

starting torque. Starting torque may be greater than running torque in
some cases, or it may be lesser.
We know, T =k1 E2 I2 cosɸ2.
let, R2 = rotor resistance per phase
X2 = standstill rotor reactance
Torque of a
three phase induction motor
the torque developed at the instant of starting of a motor is called as
starting torque. Starting torque may be greater than running torque in
some cases, or it may be lesser.
We know, T =k1 E2 I2 cosɸ2.
let, R2 = rotor resistance per phase
X2 = standstill rotor reactance
Torque Under Running Condition

T ∝ ɸ Ir cosɸ2 .
where, Er = rotor emf per phase under running condition = sE2. (s=slip)
Ir = rotor current per phase under running condition
reactance per phase under running condition will be = sX2
Running torque on three phase
induction motor

as, ɸ ∝ E2
Condition For Maximum Starting
Torque

If supply voltage V is kept constant, then flux ɸ and E2 both remains

constant. Hence,

Hence, it can be proved that maximum starting torque is

obtained when rotor resistance is equal to standstill rotor
reactance. i.e. R22 + X22 =2R22 .
 FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT

At standstill (i.e. when the rotor is stationery), the frequency of the rotor current is the same
as the supply frequency (f). But when the rotor starts revolving, then the frequency depends
upon the relative speed or slip-speed. If fr is the frequency of the rotor current, then
 Relation among the rotor input P 2, rotor copper loss
Pc and gross mechanical power developed P m
The rotor input P2, rotor copper loss Pc and gross mechanical power developed Pm are related
through the slip s.
Let us derive this relationship.
Let T = Gross torque developed by motor in N-m.
We know that the torque and power are related by the relation,
P = T x ω where P = Power
and ω = angular speed
= (2πN)/60 , N = speed in r.p.m.
Now input to the rotor P2 is from stator side through rotating magnetic field which is rotating at
synchronous speed Ns.
So torque developed by the rotor can be expressed interms of power input and angular speed
at which power is inputted i.e. ωs as,
P2 = T x ωs where ωs = (2πNs)/60 rad/sec
P = T x (2πN )/60 where N is in r.p.m. ...........(1)
Relation among the rotor input P 2, rotor copper loss
Pc and gross mechanical power developed P m
The rotor tries to deliver this torque to the load. So rotor output is gross mechanical
power developed Pm and torque T. But rotor gives output at speed N and not Ns. So
from output side Pm and T can be related through angular speed ω and not ωs.
Pm= T x ω where ω = (2πN)/60
Pm = T x (2πN)/60 .............(2)
The difference between P2 and Pm is rotor copper loss Pc.
Pc = P2 - Pm = T x (2πNs/60) - T x (2πN/60)
Pc = T x (2π/60)(Ns - N) = rotor copper loss ...........(3)
Dividing (3) by (1),
Relation among the rotor input P 2, rotor copper loss
Pc and gross mechanical power developed P m

Pc/P2 = s as (Ns - N)/Ns = slip s

Rotor copper loss Pc = s x Rotor input P2
Thus total rotor copper loss is slip times the rotor input.
Now P2 - Pc = Pm
P2 - sP2 = Pm
(1 - s)P2 = Pm
Thus gross mechanical power developed is (1 - s) times the rotor input
The relationship can be expressed in the ratio from as,
 ,

Equation of Starting Torque of Three Phase Induction Motor

s=1
Maximum Torque Condition for Three-Phase Induction Moto
In the equation of torque,

for torque to be maximum

Now differentiate the above equation by using division rule

of differentiation. On differentiating and after putting the
terms equal to zero we get,
So, when slip s = R2 / X2, the torque will be maximum and
this slip is called maximum slip Sm and it is defined as the
ratio of rotor resistance to that of rotor reactance
Torque maximum Torque
NOTE: At starting S = 1, so the maximum starting torque occur when rotor
resistance is equal to rotor reactance
The torque will be maximum when slip s = R2 / X2
In order to increase the starting torque, extra resistance
should be added to the rotor circuit at start and cut out
gradually as motor speeds up.

1.Conclusion From the above equation it is concluded

that The maximum torque is directly proportional to square
of rotor induced emf at the standstill.
2.The maximum torque is inversely proportional to rotor
reactance.
3.The maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance.
4.The slip at which maximum torque occur depends upon
rotor resistance, R2. So, by varying the rotor resistance,
maximum torque can be obtained at any required slip.
Torque slip or torque speed
characteristics of three phase
induction motor
To draw the torque slip characteristics of induction
motor following points are considered:

At synchronous speed (Ns); slip, s = 0 and

torque, T = 0. ( this is the starting point on the
curve)
When rotor speed is very near to synchronous
speed i.e. when the slip is very low the value of
the term (sX2)2 is very small in comparison to
R22 and is neglected. Therefore, torque is given
by the expression:
Torque slip or torque speed
characteristics of three phase
induction motor
T = ksE22R2 / R22

In the above expression, all quantities are constant except slip s.

Therefore,
Tαs

Thus, at low values of slip, torque is approximately proportional to slip sand the torque slip
characteristics of induction motor is a straight line as shown in the figure.

The region (from s = 0 to s = sm) is called the stable region of operation and operating point
of the motor should be in this region.

In the stable region, the value of slip is small. Hence this region is also called as the low slip
region.
Torque slip or torque speed
characteristics of three phase
induction motor
As the slip increases torque increases and attains its maximum value when s = R2/X2. This
maximum value of torque is also known as break down or pull out torque.
When a further increase in slip occurs due to increase in load beyond the point maximum torque
i.e. when slip is high,

the value of term (sX2)2 is very large in comparison to R22.

Therefore, R22 is neglected as compare to (sX2)2 and torque is given by the expression:

T = ksE22R2 / (sX2)2
or T = kE22R2 / (sX22)

In the above expression, all quantities are constant except s.

Therefore, T α 1/s
Torque slip or torque speed
characteristics of three phase
induction motor
• thus at higher values of slip (i.e. the slip beyond that corresponding to maximum
torque)

torque is approximately inversely proportional to slip, s and the torque slip

characteristics of induction motor is rectangular hyperbola as shown in the
figure.

The region (extending from s = sm to s = 1) is called unstable region. In this region

with the increase in load, slip increases but torque decreases.

The result is that the motor could not pick up the load and slows down and
eventually stops. In the unstable region, the value of slip is large so this region is
also called as the high-slip region.
Effect of Rotor Resistance on Torque Slip Characteristics

greater the rotor resistance, greater the value of slip at

which the maximum torque occurs since

s = R2/X2

The torque slip characteristics of induction motor are

shown in the figure for various values or rotor resistance
R2 keeping rotor reactance X2 constant. The maximum
value of the torque can be obtained even at the start by
adding that much resistance in the rotor circuit so that
R2 becomes equal to X2.

When R2 = X2; s = R2/X2 = 1 i.e. at start torque will be

maximum.
Effect of Rotor Resistance on Torque Slip
Characteristics
 losses in an induction motor
• The losses in an induction motor are broadly categorized into two classes, namely constant losses and variable
losses.

Constant losses in Induction Motor

•
These losses in induction motor do not depend on the load hence they are known as constant losses. These can
be further categorized as under:Core losses: These include eddy current and hysteresis losses in stator as well as
in rotor magnetic core. Eddy current losses in rotor core are negligible since rotor current frequency is very small
in the order of 0.5 to 2 Hz.

These losses in the induction motor are constant since these depend upon voltage and frequency which is
practically constant.

The hysteresis losses can be reduced by selecting a high permeability material for the core. The eddy current
losses can be reduced by using the laminated cores instead of solid ones.
•
Friction and windage losses: These losses are also constant losses as these losses depend upon the speed of the
induction motor. The speed of the induction motor is approximately constant.
losses in an induction motor
Variable Losses in Induction Motor
These are:I2R losses in the stator winding.

I2R losses in the rotor winding.

These losses occur due to the resistance of rotor winding as well as the resistance of
stator winding. These losses are also called copper losses.

These are proportional to the square of stator and rotor currents respectively. As these
currents depend on the load, copper losses in induction motor vary with the change in
load.

Hence these are known as variable losses. The load test is performed on induction
motor to determine the variable losses in induction moto
power flow in three phase induction
motor
application of induction motor