Q. Explain the basic construction of 3 phase Induction Motor.

A 3 phase induction motor consists of two major parts:

 A stator
 A rotor

The stator of three phase induction motor is made up of numbers of slots to

construct a 3 phase winding circuit which we connect with 3 phase AC source.

The stator of the three-phase induction motor consists of three main parts :
 Stator frame,
 Stator core,
 Stator winding or field winding.
frame is the outer part of the three phase induction motor. Its main function is to
support the stator core and the field winding. It acts as a covering, and it provides
protection and mechanical strength to all the inner parts of the induction motor.
The main function of the stator core is to carry the alternating flux. In order to
reduce the eddy current loss, the stator core is laminated. These laminated types of
structure are made up of stamping which is about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick.
The slots on the periphery of the stator core of the three-phase induction motor
carry three phase windings. We apply three phase ac supply to this three-phase
winding. The three phases of the winding are connected either in star or delta.
There are two types of rotor
Cage Rotor
Slipring (wound) rotor
Cage rotor: The rotor of the squirrel cage three phase induction motor is
cylindrical and have slots on its periphery. The slots are not made parallel to each
other but are bit skewed (skewing is not shown in the figure of squirrel cage rotor
besides) as the skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth and
makes the working of the motor more smooth and quieter. The squirrel cage rotor
consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars (copper bras rotor is shown in the figure
beside). These aluminum, brass or copper bars are called rotor conductors and are
placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor. The rotor conductors are
permanently shorted by the copper, or aluminum rings called the end rings. To
provide mechanical strength, these rotor conductors are braced to the end ring and
hence form a complete closed circuit
Wound Rotor : The rotor consists of numbers of slots and rotor winding are
placed inside these slots. The three end terminals are connected together to form a
star connection. As its name indicates, three phase slip ring induction motor
consists of slip rings connected on the same shaft as that of the rotor.
The three ends of three-phase windings are permanently connected to these slip
rings. The external resistance can be easily connected through the brushes and slip
rings and hence used for speed controlling and improving the starting torque of
three phase induction motor. The brushes are used to carry current to and from the
rotor winding. These brushes are further connected to three phase star connected
resistances.
Q. Give comparison between cage IM and slip ring induction motor.

Slip ring or phase wound Induction motor Squirrel cage induction motor

Construction is complicated due to presence

Construction is very simple
of slip ring and brushes

The rotor consists of rotor bars which are

The rotor winding is similar to the stator
permanently shorted with the help of end
winding
rings

Since the rotor bars are permanently

We can easily add rotor resistance by using
shorted, its not possible to add external
slip ring and brushes
resistance

Due to presence of external resistance high Staring torque is low and cannot be
starting torque can be obtained improved

Slip ring and brushes are present Slip ring and brushes are absent

Frequent maintenance is required due to

Less maintenance is required
presence of brushes

The construction is complicated and the The construction is simple and robust and
presence of brushes and slip ring makes the it is cheap as compared to slip ring
motor more costly induction motor

Due to its simple construction and low

This motor is rarely used only 10% industry
cost. The squirrel cage induction motor is
uses slip ring induction motor
widely used

Rotor copper losses are high and hence less Less rotor copper losses and hence high
efficiency efficiency

Speed control by rotor resistance method is Speed control by rotor resistance method is
possible not possible

Slip ring induction motor are used where Squirrel cage induction motor is used in
high starting torque is required i.e in hoists, lathes, drilling machine, fan, blower
cranes, elevator etc printing machines etc
Q. Explain operation of 3 phase Induction motor in brief.
When 3 phase supply is connected to 3 Phase stator winding , rotating magnetic
field is produced. Stator magnetic field rotates with synchronous speed which is
120.𝑓
given by 𝑁𝑠 =
𝑃

F is frequency and p is number of poles. Rotating flux passes through air gap
between stator and rotor and sweeps over rotor bar or rotor winding.
According to Faraday’s law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the rotor winding in an
induction motor are either closed through an external resistance or directly shorted
by end ring, and cut the stator rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the
rotor copper bar and due to this emf a current flows through the rotor conductor.
Here the relative speed between the rotating flux and static rotor conductor is the
cause of current generation; hence as per Lenz’s law, the rotor will rotate in the
same direction to reduce the cause, i.e., the relative speed
it may be observed that the rotor speed should not reach the synchronous speed
produced by the stator. If the speeds become equal, there would be no such relative
speed, so no emf induced in the rotor, and no current would be flowing, and
therefore no torque would be generated. Consequently, the rotor cannot reach the
synchronous speed.
Rotor speed is given by 𝑁𝑅 = (1 − 𝑠)𝑁𝑠
(𝑁𝑠−𝑁𝑅)
Slip is given by 𝑠 =
𝑁𝑆

Q. Draw and explain Torque –speed ( Torque –slip) or operating

characteristic of 3 phase induction motor.
The torque slip curve for an induction motor gives us the information about the
variation of torque with the slip. The slip is defined as the ratio of difference of
synchronous speed and actual rotor speed to the synchronous speed of the machine.
The variation of slip can be obtained with the variation of speed that is when speed
varies the slip will also vary and the torque corresponding to that speed will also
vary.
The curve can be described in three modes of operation-

Motor torque is given by

3
At starting , NR =0 , slip =1 ,𝑘 =
2𝜋𝑛𝑠

Starting torque is given by

The torque-slip characteristic curve can be divided roughly into three regions:
 Low slip region
 Medium slip region
 High slip region
Motoring Mode
In this mode of operation, supply is given to the stator sides and the motor always
rotates below the synchronous speed. The induction motor torque varies from zero
to full load torque as the slip varies. The slip varies from zero to one. It is zero at
no load and one at standstill. From the curve it is seen that the torque is directly
proportional to the speed ( inversely proportional to slip) when rotor speed , NR
varies from zero ( start) to Nm (speed at max torque) and torque is inversely
proportional to speed when rotor speed varies from Nm to Ns .
Generating Mode
In this mode of operation ,induction motor runs above the synchronous speed when
it is driven by a prime mover. The stator winding is connected to a three phase
supply in which it supplies electrical energy to 3 phase supply. Actually, in this
case, the torque and slip both are negative so the motor receives mechanical energy
and delivers electrical energy. Induction motor is not much used as generator
because it requires reactive power for its operation.
Braking Mode
In the Braking mode, If the two leads of the 3 phase supply voltage is interchanged
, the motor starts to rotate in the reverse direction and as a result the motor stops.
This method of braking is known as plugging. This method is used when it is
required to stop the motor within a very short period of time.
Q. Explain basic construction of DC motor

DC motor has two main parts: Stator & Rotor

Stator constitute of yoke , field pole , interpole and field winding . Rotor constitute
of armature core , armature winding , commutator , brushes and shaft.

Yoke: Yoke is the magnetic core of stator. It provides path for the pole flux Ø and
carries half of it. Apart from this, it provides mechanical support to the whole
machine.

Field Poles: Field pole consists of pole core and pole shoe. The pole core is made
from the cast steel. The pole shoe of DC machine is laminated and fixed to the pole
core.
Field Winding or Exciting Winding: The pole is excited by a winding wound
around the pole core. This winding is called the Field Winding or Exciting
Winding and made from copper.

Interpoles: Interpoles are fixed to the Yoke in between the main poles of DC
machine. The interpole winding is made of copper and consists of few turns of
thick wire. This winding is connected in series with the armature winding. Its
function is to minimize the effect of Armature reaction.

Brushes: Brushes are housed in the brush holder and connected to the end cover. It
is made up of Carbon for small DC machine. For large DC machine, electro
graphite is used to make brushes. A spring keeps the brushes pressed on the
commutator surface.

Armature Core: It is a magnetic core made of laminated silicon steel of thickness

0.30 to 0.50 mm to minimize the iron losses. The main purpose of armature core is
to house the armature conductor in its slot and provide low reluctance path to
magnetic flux .

Armature Winding: Armature winding is made from copper. It consists of large

number of insulated coils having one or more than one turns. Theses coils are
placed in the armature core slots and connected appropriately in series and parallel
depending on the type of winding. There are basically two types of winding: Lap
Winding ( Number of parallel path A=P) and Wave Winding (A=2 ).

Commutator: It is a cylindrical structure made up of wedge shaped segments of

high conductivity hard drawn copper. Hard drawn copper is used to reduce wear
and tear of commutator surface. The segments are insulated from each other by 0.8
mm thick mica sheet. Function of commutator is to reverse direction of rotation by
changing terminal after half turn and thus keeps direction of rotation of coil
uniform .

Shaft: Shaft of DC Motor is coupled to the load to transfer mechanical power.

Q. Explain operation of DC motor

When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a

torque and has a tendency to move. In other words, when a magnetic field and an
electric field interact, a mechanical force is produced. The DC motor or direct
current motor works on that principle. This is known as motoring action.
Consider a single loop placed in steady magnetic field. With the given direction of
magnetic field and current , the coil will rotate in clockwise direction . After Half
turn, when two conductors exchange the place with the opposite direction of
current, loop may rotate in anticlockwise direction . Hence after half turn , the
polarity of the conductors are reversed by the commutator , keeping rotation of
coil in clockwise direction.

Q. Draw and explain operating characteristic of DC motor

As the armature conductors are carrying currents and the armature rotates inside
the stator magnetic field, it also produces an emf Eb in a manner very similar to
that of a generator.

The generated Emf Eb is directed opposite to the supplied voltage and is known as
the back Emf, as it counters the forward voltage. The back emf like in case of a
generator is represented by
 ∅𝑍𝑁 𝑃
𝐸𝑏 = ------------ (i)
60 𝐴

Armature torque equation of DC Motor is given as: Ta= 0.159(PZ/A)ɸIa-----(ii)

Where, P = no of poles

φ = flux per pole

Z= No. of conductors

A = No. of parallel paths

and N is the speed of the DC Motor.

Now armature current Ia is represented by

Now at starting, speed ω = 0 so at starting Eb = 0.

Now since the armature winding electrical resistance Ra is small, this motor has a
very high starting current in the absence of back Emf. As a result, we need to use a
starter for starting a DC Motor.

above equations (i) and (ii) can be written as Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia and N ∝ Eb/ɸ........(iii)
Characteristics of DC Motor means the relation(or graph) between different
parameter like Armature Torque, Armature Current & Speed of the motor.

There are three characteristic of DC motors which are:

 Torque speed characteristics

 Torque current characteristics and
  Current speed characteristics.
Characteristics of DC shunt motor
In DC Shunt motor the shunt field winding and the armature is connected in
parallel and DC supply voltage is applied across it. The applied voltage or terminal
voltage,Vt in DC shunt motor is given by :
Vt=Eb+IaRa+Brush drop
Eb= Vt-IaRa-Brush drop
Vt=IshRsh Ish= Vt/ Rsh ................. ...........(v)
The line current is given by IL=Ish+Ia and the back emf,
Eb is given by equation (i).
(a)Armature Current Vs Speed Characteristic (Ia Vs N):
As we know that flux ɸ, is directly proportional to field current. In DC shunt motor
field current ,If=Ish= Vt/ Rsh ,hence in DC shunt motor if supply voltage and shunt
field resistance is constant then the flux is constant as current Ish, carried by field
winding is constant.
Therefore DC shunt motor is also known as constant flux motor. Hence
equation (iii) speed is proportional to back emf,
N ∝ Eb/ɸ ∝ ( Vt-IaRa-Brush drop)/ɸ.
The shunt field resistance and voltage drop across brush is very less, hence change
in back emf Eb will remains constant if we maintain terminal voltage Vt constant.
This indicate that the speed of DC shunt motor is almost constant with respect to
armature or load current.
Hence DC shunt motor can be assumed as a constant speed motor. The
characteristic is slightly dropping due to presence of voltage drop in back emf by
IaRa drop which is very small. The Armature Current and Speed Characteristic
(Ia Vs N) is shown in figure(d).
(b)Armature Current Vs Torque Characteristic(Ia Vs Ta):
In DC shunt motor the flux is constant as current carried by field winding is
constant. From equation (iii), we know that the torque is proportional to product of
field flux and armature current,
Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia .
But as we have stated above that the flux of DC shunt motor is assumed to be
constant.
Hence the torque is proportional to armature current, Ta ∝ Ia , and therefore current
and speed characteristic is linear passing through origin. The Armature Current and
Torque (Ia Vs Ta) characteristics is shown in figure(e).
(c)Torque Vs Speed Characteristic (Ta Vs N):
In DC shunt motor the flux is assumed to be constant hence to armature
current, Ta ∝ Ia .
The speed of DC shunt motor is N ∝ Eb/ɸ∝( Vt-IaRa-Brush drop)/ɸ .

Hence as the torque on the DC shunt motor increases the armature current
increases and speed will be dropped by some value. But the characteristic is
slightly dropping.

This characteristic is also known as mechanical characteristic of DC motor. The

Torque and Speed Characteristic (Ta Vs N) is shown in figure(f).
Q. Draw and explain the construction and operation of permanent magnet DC
motor (PMDC) .
A PMDC motor mainly consists of two parts. A stator and rotor.
Construction of PMDC is similar to Dc motor except stator pole shoe with field
winding is replaced by permanent magnets.
The stator is a steel cylinder with the magnets which are mounted in the

inner periphery of this cylinder. Rotor construction is similar to Dc motor

which includes armature winding, brushes , commutator and shaft.

working principle of PMDC motor is just similar to the general working

principle of DC motor. That is when a carrying conductor placed in

permanent magnet magnetic field, a mechanical force will be experienced by

the conductor and the direction of this force is governed by Fleming’s left

hand rule. Operating characteristic of PMDC is same as of DC shunt motor.

Q. State advantages , disadvantages and applications of PMDC motor
The advantages of a PMDC motor are:
 No need of field excitation arrangement.
 No input power is consumed for excitation which improve efficiency of DC
motor.
 No field coil hence space for field coil is saved which reduces the overall
size of the motor.
 Cheaper and economical for fractional kW rated applications.
The disadvantages of a PMDC motor are:
 Due to absence of interpole ,The armature reaction of DC motor cannot be
compensated hence the magnetic strength of the field may get weak due to
the demagnetizing effect of the armature reaction.
 There is a chance of getting the poles permanently or partially demagnetized
due to excessive armature current during the starting, reversal, and
overloading conditions of the motor.
 The field in the air gap is fixed and limited – it cannot be controlled
externally. This makes it difficult for this type of motor to achieve efficient
speed control of DC motor in this type of motor is difficult.
Applications of PMDC Motor:
PMDC motor is extensively used where small DC motors are required and

also very effective control is not required, such as in automobiles starter, toys,

wipers, washers, hot blowers, air conditioners, computer disc drives and in

many more.

Q. Draw and explain the operation of Interior Permanent Magnet( IPM)

Motor
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor, PMSM is a kind of synchronous motor in
which stator has 3 phase windings and permanent magnet is used as rotor.
Unlike synchronous motor, there is no filed winding on the rotor of PMSM.
Permanent magnets are made up of high permeability materials like Samarium
Cobalt and Neodium Iron. Theses permanent magnets are mounted on the rotor
core.
Based on the mounting arrangement of magnet on rotor core, Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Motor (PMSM) can be categorized into two types: Surface Mounted
PMSMs and Buried or interior PMSMs. In Surface Mounted PMSM, permanent
magnet is mounted on the rotor surface. In Interior or Buried PMSM, the
permanent magnets are embedded into the rotor instead of mounting on the
surface. This provides robustness and hence can be used in high speed
applications. Due to presence of saliency, reluctance torque is present in this type
of PMSM.
The working principle of permanent magnet synchronous motor is same as that of
synchronous motor. When three phase winding of stator is energized from 3 phase
supply, rotating magnetic field is set up in the air gap. At synchronous speed, the
rotor field poles locks with the rotating magnetic field to produce torque and hence
rotor continues to rotate. As we know that synchronous motors are not self starting,
PMSM needs to be started somehow. Variable frequency power supply required
for starting. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor can be used as an alternative
for servo drives. It is widely used in various industrial application viz. robotics,
traction, aerospace etc. The speed torque characteristic of PMSM is shown below:
 Q. Draw and explain the operation of Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor

A brushless DC motor (also known as a BLDC motor or BL motor) is an

electronically commuted DC motor which does not have brushes. The controller
provides pulses of current to the motor windings which control the speed and
torque of the synchronous motor.
These types of motors are highly efficient in producing a large amount of torque
over a vast speed range. In brushless motors, permanent magnets rotate around a
fixed armature and overcome the problem of connecting current to the armature.
Commutation with electronics has a large scope of capabilities and flexibility.
They are known for smooth operation and holding torque when stationary.
Brushless DC motor has only two basic parts: rotor and the stator. The rotor has
rotor magnets whereas stator contains stator windings. In BLDC permanent
magnets are attached in the rotor and moving electromagnets to the stator. The
high power transistors are used to activate electromagnets for the shaft turns.
Stator windings of a BLDC motor are connected to a control circuit (an integrated
switching circuit or inverter circuit). The control circuit energizes proper winding
at the proper time, in a pattern which rotates around the stator. Permanent magnets
on the rotor try to align with the energized electromagnets of the stator, and as
soon as it aligns, the next electromagnets are energized. Thus, the rotor keeps
running.
The advantages of a BLDC motor are:

1. Brushless motors are more efficient as its speed is determined by the

frequency at which current is supplied.
2. As brushes are absent, the mechanical energy loss due to friction is less
which enhanced efficiency.
3. BLDC motor can operate at high-speed under any condition.
4. There is no sparking and much less noise during operation.
5. More electromagnets could be used on the stator for more precise control.
6. BLDC motors accelerate and decelerate easily as they are having low rotor
inertia.
7. It is high performance motor that provides large torque per cubic inch over a
vast speed.
The disadvantages of a BLDC motor are:
1. BLDC motor cost more than a brushed DC motor.
2. The limited high power could be supplied to BLDC motor, otherwise, too
much heat weakens the magnets and the insulation of winding may get
damaged.

Q. Draw and explain the operation of switched reluctance motor (SRM).

Switched reluctance motor works based on the variable reluctance principle. The
rotating magnetic field is created with the help of power electronics switching
circuit.

The main concept is the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is depending upon the
air gap. Hence, by changing the air gap between the rotor and stator, we can
change the reluctance of the motor.
In switched reluctance motor, the stator and rotor have projected pole made up of
soft silicon iron stampings. Silicon stamping is used to reduce hysteresis losses.
Stator poles are projected inward and rotor poles are projected outward.
The rotor does not have winding and stator only carries main field winding. Each
winding in the stator is connected in series with the opposite poles to increase the
MMF of the circuit. It is called phase winding. Refer to fig AA’, BB’ and CC’.
the number of poles in the stator are around 6 to 8 numbers. But the rotor carries
less number of poles with respect to the stator. The rotor poles will be 4 to 6
numbers.
By increasing the number of poles we can get a low angle of rotation from the
motor. The rotor’s shaft is mounted with a position sensor. The position sensor is
used to determine the position of the rotor by a control circuit. The control circuit
always collects the information of the rotor position and based on that the
controller gives the input to the motor.
The working principle of switched reluctance motor is simple, let we take an iron
piece. If we keep it in a magnetic field means, the iron piece will align with the
minimum reluctance position and get locked magnetically.
The same principle is followed in the switched reluctance motor. The minimum
reluctance portion of the rotor tries to align itself with the stator magnetic field.
Hence the reluctance torque is developed in the rotor.
Advantage of SRM
It does not require an external ventilation system as the stator and rotor slots
projected. The airflow maintained between the slots.

1. The rotor does not have winding hence there is no need keeps the carbon
brush and slip ring assembly.
2. Since the absence of permanent magnet, such motors are available at a
cheaper price.
3. Simple three or two-phase pulse generator is enough to drive the motor
4. The direction of the motor can be reversed by changing the phase
sequence.
5. Self-starting and does not require external arrangements.
6. Starting torque can be very high without excessive inrush currents.
7. High Fault Tolerance
The disadvantage of Switched reluctance motor
1. Creates Torque ripple at high-speed operation
2. The external rotor position sensor is required.
3. Noise level is high
4. At a higher speed, the motor generates harmonics, to reduce this, we need to
install larger size capacitors.
5. Since the absence of Permanent Magnet, the motor has to designed to carry
high input current. It increases the converter KVA requirement.